Lamb, Charles

born Feb. 10, 1775, London, Eng.

died Dec. 27, 1834, Edmonton, Middlesex

English essayist and critic.

Lamb was employed as a clerk at East India House (headquarters for the East India Company) from 1792 to 1825. From 1796 he was guardian of his sister, the writer Mary Lamb (1764–1847), who, in a fit of madness (which proved recurrent), had killed their mother. He is best known for the often autobiographical essays he wrote under the pseudonym Elia for London Magazine, collected in Essays of Elia (1823) and The Last Essays of Elia (1833). Among the greatest of English letter writers, he included some of his most perceptive literary criticism, often in the form of marginalia, in letters. He collaborated with Mary on Tales from Shakespear (1807), a highly popular retelling of the plays for children.

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▪ British author

born Feb. 10, 1775, London, Eng.

died Dec. 27, 1834, Edmonton, Middlesex

      English essayist and critic, best known for his Essays of Elia (1823–33).

      Lamb went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he studied until 1789. He was a near contemporary there of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (Coleridge, Samuel Taylor) and of Leigh Hunt. In 1792 Lamb found employment as a clerk at East India House (the headquarters of the East India Company), remaining there until retirement in 1825. In 1796 Lamb's sister, Mary (Lamb, Mary Ann), in a fit of madness (which was to prove recurrent) killed their mother. Lamb reacted with courage and loyalty, taking on himself the burden of looking after Mary.

      Lamb's first appearances in print were as a poet, with contributions to collections by Coleridge (1796) and by Charles Lloyd (1798). A Tale of Rosamund Gray, a prose romance, appeared in 1798, and in 1802 he published John Woodvil, a poetic tragedy. “The Old Familiar Faces” (1789) remains his best-known poem, although “On an Infant Dying As Soon As It Was Born” (1828) is his finest poetic achievement.

      In 1807 Lamb and his sister published Tales from Shakespear, a retelling of the plays for children, and in 1809 they published Mrs. Leicester's School, a collection of stories supposedly told by pupils of a school in Hertfordshire. In 1808 Charles published a children's version of the Odyssey, called The Adventures of Ulysses.

      In 1808 Lamb also published Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespear, a selection of scenes from Elizabethan dramas; it had a considerable influence on the style of 19th-century English verse. Lamb also contributed critical papers on Shakespeare and on William Hogarth to Hunt's Reflector. Lamb's criticism often appears in the form of marginalia, reactions, and responses: brief comments, delicately phrased, but hardly ever argued through.

      Lamb's greatest achievements were his remarkable letters and the essays that he wrote under the pseudonym Elia for London Magazine, which was founded in 1820. His style is highly personal and mannered, its function being to “create” and delineate the persona of Elia, and the writing, though sometimes simple, is never plain. The essays conjure up, with humour and sometimes with pathos, old acquaintances; they also recall scenes from childhood and from later life, and they indulge the author's sense of playfulness and fancy. Beneath their whimsical surface, Lamb's essays are as much an expression of the Romantic movement (Romanticism) as the verse of Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Elia's love of urban and suburban subject matter, however, points ahead, toward the work of Charles Dickens. The essay "On the Artificial Comedy of the Last Century" (1822) both helped to revive interest in Restoration comedy and anticipated the assumptions of the Aesthetic movement of the late 19th century. Lamb's first Elia essays were published separately in 1823; a second series appeared, as The Last Essays of Elia, in 1833.

Additional Reading

The standard biography is E.V. Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb, 5th ed. rev., 2 vol. (1921, reprinted 1968). George L. Barnett, Charles Lamb (1976); and Winifred F. Courtney, Young Charles Lamb, 1775–1802 (1982), are shorter treatments. Roy Park (ed.), Lamb as Critic (1980), is an anthology of Lamb's critical writings and a reassessment of him as a critic. Other critical works are Gerald Monsman, Confessions of a Prosaic Dreamer: Charles Lamb's Art of Autobiography (1984); and Jane Aaron, A Double Singleness: Gender and the Writings of Charles and Mary Lamb (1991).

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