Karamanlis, Konstantinos

or Constantine Caramanlis

born March 8, 1907, Próti, near Sérrai, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire

died April 23, 1998, Athens, Greece

Greek prime minister (1955–63, 1974–80) and president (1980–85, 1990–95).

In various cabinet posts after World War II (1946–55), he helped rebuild Greece's war-torn economy. Chosen prime minister in 1955, he formed a government and a new conservative party, the National Radical Union. In 1960 he established an independent republic on Cyprus to ease tensions with Britain and Turkey over the island. He resigned in 1963 and lived in exile in Paris until 1974. Recalled as prime minister, he subordinated the military to civilian authority to restore democracy, averted war with Turkey over Cyprus, and oversaw the adoption of a new constitution that strengthened the presidency. In 1975 he held a referendum that resulted in the abolition of the monarchy. In 1980 he resigned as prime minister and was elected president. He helped effect Greece's entry into the European Community in 1981. He resigned in 1985, then was reelected president in 1990.

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▪ 1999

      Greek statesman (b. March 8, 1907, Proti, near Serrai, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece]—d. April 23, 1998, Athens, Greece), had a political career that spanned nearly 60 years—including six terms as prime minister and two as president—and was credited with restoring democracy following the collapse of a seven-year military junta in 1974. Born when Macedonia was under Turkish rule, he became a Greek citizen in 1913 after the Turks were expelled following the Second Balkan War. He graduated from the University of Athens law school in 1932 and first entered politics when he was elected to Parliament, representing the conservative royalist Populist Party in 1935. During the dictatorship of Gen. Ioannis Metaxas (1936-41) and the Axis occupation of Greece (ended in 1944), Karamanlis was politically inactive. He was reelected to Parliament in 1946, and in 1955 he became Greece's youngest prime minister and began modernizing the Greek economy through industrialization and foreign investment. He resigned in 1963, citing the difficulty of working under a separation of powers in a constitutional monarchy. From his exile in Paris, he witnessed the takeover of Greece by army colonels in 1967, and when that repressive junta collapsed in 1974, he was called home to shore up the crisis-ridden country. He quickly reestablished democratic rule and reorganized the military command. Creating the New Democracy Party, which won elections in November 1974, he called a plebiscite that resulted in a 70% vote to end the monarchy. A new republic was established on Dec. 8, 1974, and a new constitution was drafted. Resigning as prime minister in May 1980, Karamanlis assumed the mostly ceremonial position of president. He secured Greece's place in the European political and economic family and, in 1981, full membership in what became the European Union. In 1985 he resigned the presidency after an uneasy five-year alliance with Andreas Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement, which had won national elections in 1981; Karamanlis took office again in 1990, however, and served until 1995.

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▪ Greek statesman

also spelled  Constantine Caramanlis  

born February 23 [March 8, New Style], 1907, Próti, near Sérrai, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece]

died April 23, 1998, Athens, Greece

      Greek statesman who was prime minister from 1955 to 1963 and again from 1974 to 1980. He then served as president from 1980 to 1985 and from 1990 to 1995. Karamanlis gave Greece competent government and political stability while his conservative economic policies stimulated economic growth. In 1974–75 he successfully restored democracy and constitutional government in Greece after the rule of a military junta there had collapsed.

      The eldest of seven children of a poor schoolteacher, Karamanlis was able, with the help of local benefactors, to attend secondary school and the University of Athens. He received a law degree in 1932 and practiced law in Athens. Launched into politics by the Populist Party, he was elected to Parliament in 1935 for Sérrai, which continued to reelect him. In 1946 he was appointed minister of labour, and over the next nine years he held a string of cabinet posts in successive right-wing governments, earning a reputation for drive and efficiency in his efforts to aid Greek refugees and rebuild the war-torn economy. Karamanlis joined the conservative Greek Rally party in 1950, and, when Prime Minister Alexandros Papagos died in October 1955 and the party was unable to decide on a successor, King Paul chose Karamanlis as prime minister.

      Karamanlis formed not only his government but also his own party, the National Radical Union (ERE), which in parliamentary elections in February 1956 obtained 161 seats out of 300. He retained a parliamentary majority in elections held in 1958 and 1961. As prime minister, Karamanlis helped Greece make a dramatic economic recovery from the devastation of World War II and the ensuing civil war (1946–49). With American aid, he achieved rapid economic growth and greatly expanded Greece's fledgling industrial sector.

      In foreign affairs, he improved Greece's relations with Yugoslavia, but those with Turkey and Great Britain remained strained because of the issue of tensions between the ethnic Greek majority and the Turkish minority on Cyprus, which was then under British rule. In order to restore friendly relations with the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) powers, Karamanlis decided to disentangle the awkward Cyprus problem by establishing an independent republic on the island, an action taken, with the agreement of Turkey and Great Britain, in 1960.

      In June 1963 Karamanlis resigned after a dispute with King Paul over the respective powers of the monarchy and the government. Shortly afterward he left Greece to live in Paris, where he remained while his country was ruled by the military (1967–74). During these years he repeatedly called for the military junta to resign but did not otherwise actively oppose the regime.

      On July 24, 1974, after the fall of the military junta, Karamanlis was recalled to Athens as prime minister of an emergency government. He demanded and obtained the subordination of the armed forces to civilian authority, reinstated the constitution, and averted a catastrophic war with Turkey over Cyprus without loss of prestige. In parliamentary elections held in November that year, his New Democracy Party (New Democracy) won 220 of 300 seats. In June 1975 Karamanlis obtained the adoption of a new constitution that strengthened the powers of the presidency, which had largely been a ceremonial office. In December 1975 he held a referendum in which the people voted to abolish the Greek monarchy.

      In May 1980 Karamanlis resigned as prime minister and was elected president. Greece's entry into the European Economic Community in 1981 crowned his long efforts to strengthen his country's economic ties with western Europe. When in March 1985 the Socialist prime minister Andreas Papandreou (Papandreou, Andreas) unexpectedly withdrew his party's support for Karamanlis's upcoming reelection, Karamanlis resigned from the presidency. He was elected president again in 1990, when the conservatives returned to power, and served until 1995.

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