Jordan River

River, Middle East.

It rises in Syria, flows through the Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), and then receives its main tributary, the Yarmūk River. It drains into the Dead Sea at 1,312 ft (400 m) below sea level after a total course of 223 mi (360 km). In Christianity it is known as the place where John the Baptist baptized Jesus.

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▪ river, Middle East

Arabic  Nahr Al-Urdun , Hebrew  Ha-Yarden 

      river with the lowest elevation in the world. It rises on the slopes of Mount Hermon (Hermon, Mount), on the Syrian-Lebanese border, flows southward through northern Israel to the Sea of Galilee (Galilee, Sea of), and then divides Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank on the west from Jordan on the east before emptying into the Dead Sea at an elevation of about 1,312 feet (400 metres) below sea level. The Jordan is more than 223 miles (360 km) in length, but, because its course is meandering, the actual distance between its source and the Dead Sea is less than 124 miles (200 km).

      After 1948 the Jordan River marked the frontier between Israel and Jordan from a few miles south of the Sea of Galilee to the point where the Yābis River flows into it from the east (left) bank. Since 1967, however, when Israeli forces occupied the West Bank (i.e., the territory on the west bank of the river south of its confluence with the Yābis), the Jordan has served as the cease-fire line as far south as the Dead Sea.

      The river was called the Aulon by the Greeks and is sometimes called Al-Sharīʿah (“Watering Place”) by the Arabs. Christians, Jews, and Muslims alike revere the Jordan; it was in its waters that Jesus was baptized by St. John the Baptist (John the Baptist, Saint).

      The Jordan Valley is, in effect, a rift valley running north and south and forming part of the gigantic rift-valley system that extends from southern Turkey southward via the Red Sea and into East Africa. The valley itself is a long and narrow trough averaging about 6 miles (10 km) in width. Throughout its course the valley lies much lower than the surrounding landscape. The valley walls are steep, sheer, and bare, and they are broken only by the gorges of tributary wadis (seasonal watercourses).

      The Jordan River has three principal sources, all of which rise at the foot of Mount Hermon. The longest of these is the Ḥāṣbānī, which rises in Lebanon, near Ḥāṣbayyā, at an elevation of 1,800 feet (550 metres). From the east, in Syria, flows the Bāniyās River; between the two is the Dan, the waters of which are particularly fresh. Just inside Israel, these three rivers join together in the Ḥula Valley (ula Valley). The plain of the Ḥula Valley was formerly occupied by a lake and by marshes; in the 1950s, however, 15,000 acres (6,000 hectares) were drained to form agricultural land. At the southern end of the valley, the Jordan has cut a gorge through a basaltic barrier.

      The river then drops sharply down to the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee (Galilee, Sea of), itself 686 feet (209 metres) below sea level. Flowing from the southern shore of the lake, the Jordan receives its main tributary, the Yarmūk River, which marks part of the frontier between Syria and Jordan. It is then joined by two more tributaries, the Ḥarod on the right bank and the Yābis on the left. The Jordan River's plain then spreads out to a width of about 15 miles (24 km) and becomes very regular. The flat, arid terraces of this area, known as the Ghawr (Ghor), are cut here and there by wadis or rivers into rocky towers, pinnacles, and badlands, forming a maze of ravines and sharp crests that resemble a lunar landscape. The Jordan has cut a valley into the plain of between about 1,300 and 10,000 feet (400 and 3,000 metres) wide and about 50–200 feet (15–60 metres) deep. Along this stretch, the Jordan's floodplain is known as the Zūr; it describes so many meanders that, although it runs for 135 miles (217 km), the actual distance it covers between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea is only 65 miles (105 km). The Zūr, which floods frequently, was formerly covered with thickets of reeds, tamarisk, willows, and white poplars, but since dams were built to control the river's flow, this land has been converted to irrigated fields. Finally, the Jordan drains into the Dead Sea through a broad, gently sloping delta.

      Although the bordering plateaus receive relatively abundant rainfall, the Jordan Valley itself is not well watered. The Ḥula Valley receives about 22 inches (550 mm) a year, whereas only about 3 inches (75 mm) fall north of the Dead Sea. The Jordan is fed by rains falling on the neighbouring plateaus; the waters then flow downward through rivers or wadis. The Jordan itself is shallow. Its high-water period lasts from January to March, while its low-water period occurs at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. The current is relatively swift, and the river transports a considerable load of silt. The rate of flow, however, diminishes downstream as a result of evaporation losses and the seeping away of water.

      The existence of thermal springs, notably in the Tiberias region on the western side of the Sea of Galilee, as well as the concentration of gypsum, give the Jordan's waters a relatively high degree of salinity, which can leave a salt residue in the soil when the water is used for irrigation.

      Where irrigation permits, the Jordan Valley has been settled by Arab and Jewish agricultural communities. Notable settled regions are the Ḥula Valley in the north; the string of agricultural communities south of the Sea of Galilee in the West Bank, including Deganya—the oldest kibbutz (collective agricultural settlement) in Israel, founded in 1909—Afriqim, Ashdot Yaʿaqov, and awwat Shemuʾel; the area along the East Ghor Canal on the east bank; and the area of the Wadi Fāriʿah in the West Bank. Navigation is impossible because of the river's precipitous upper course, its seasonal flow, and its shallow, twisting lower course.

      The Jordan's waters are of special importance for irrigation. For a long time the water was not used, except for several oases in the bordering foothills—for example, at Jericho—which used the waters of springs that fed the river. The Ghawr region was formerly barren, desolate, and uninhabited, but the East Ghor irrigation canal—43 miles (69 km) long—was completed in 1967 on the east bank and has permitted the cultivation of oranges, bananas, early vegetables, and sugar beets on the Jordanian side of the valley. In Israel, apart from the draining of the Ḥula Valley and the construction of a canal from the Sea of Galilee to Bet Sheʾan, a water-supply grid has been constructed that permits 11.3 billion cubic feet (320 million cubic metres) of the Jordan's waters to be pumped each year to the centre and south of Israel.

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