Jin dynasty

or Chin dynasty

First of two major Chinese dynasties to bear the name Jin.

The dynasty had two distinct phases: the Western Jin (AD 265–317) and the Eastern Jin (AD 317–420). The latter is considered one of the Six Dynasties that ruled China between the fall of the Han (AD 220) and the establishment of the Sui (581). China was reunited under Sima Yan (Ssu-ma Yen), first of the Jin emperors, but after his death the empire rapidly crumbled. The Xiongnu nomads of the north overran the Jin capital of Luoyang and later defeated the Jin again at Chang'an. For the next two centuries China was divided into two societies, northern (plagued by barbarian invasions) and southern. The Eastern Jin, founded by another Sima prince at Nanjing, suffered revolts, court intrigues, and frontier wars, but also saw the flourishing of Buddhism in China and the birth of China's first great painter, Gu Kaizhi (344–406?). See also Juchen dynasty.

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▪ China, AD 265-316/317, AD 317-420

Wade-Giles romanization  Chin 

      Chinese dynasty that comprises two distinct phases—the Xi (Western) Jin, ruling China from AD 265 to 316/317, and the Dong (Eastern) Jin, which ruled China from AD 317 to 420. The Dong Jin is considered one of the Six Dynasties.

      In AD 265 a Sima prince, Sima Yan, deposed the last of the Cao emperors and established the Xi Jin dynasty. Sima Yan, known by his posthumous title, Wudi, appears to have been an able and energetic monarch. His court established one of China's earliest legal codes (268). After he overthrew the ruler of Wu (280), China was reunited under one monarch. Wudi held most of his domains together, and such was his fame that he may have received envoys from as far away as the Roman Orient. Buddhist philosophy, art, and architecture influenced this dynasty's culture.

      After Wudi's death (290), his successors proved incompetent, plunging the empire into much civil strife. The country was divided among the family, with regional princes behaving as autonomous satraps. Particularly after 300, regicides and abdications were common. As the empire crumbled into decay, it followed the pattern of decline of previous dynasties. Society was feudalistic, essentially controlled by great landowning families, each with hordes of serfs and their private armies. The Xiongnu and other northern nomad groups took advantage of the central government's instability to attack the frontier. In 311 the Xiongnu sacked the Jin capital of Luoyang, killing the Jin emperor. The Jin government reorganized under a new emperor in the ancient capital of Chang'an (now Xi'an), but this proved only a temporary respite from foreign invasions. In 316 the Jin emperor, a grandson of Wudi, surrendered to a chief of the Xiongnu, abdicated, and was later put to death.

      The capture and destruction of the Jin capitals sent shock waves throughout the Chinese world. For more than two centuries after Jin's collapse, China was divided into two different societies, northern and southern, with a proliferation of would-be dynasties.

      A prince of the Sima family established a court at Jiankang (now Nanjing (Nanking)) in 317, and this dynasty became known as the Dong Jin, one of the so-called Six Dynasties. Much of the population of this kingdom consisted of refugees from the north who had fled the barbarian invasions. The Dong Jin was racked by revolts, court intrigues, and wars with the northern states. Nor did it have any more success than the Xi Jin in controlling the power of huge landowners.

      But whatever the political difficulties, the Jiankang court was producing a society of some cultural brilliance. Buddhism exerted a strong influence in this dynasty. It is generally agreed that China's first great genius in painting was Gu Kaizhi (c. 348–c. 409), who embellished the Dong Jin court at Jiankang. He is praised as a portraitist and the master of the brushstroke line. Another luminary at this court was Wang Xizhi (c. 303–c. 361), the greatest early master of grass script. His son, Wang Xianzhi (344–386), is considered second only to his father in this art.

      The Dong Jin dynasty was ably served by its generals, which proved both its salvation and its undoing. The kingdom was able to resist attacks in the north, and in 347 it reconquered Sichuan. Huan Wen, the general responsible for this victory, deposed the reigning emperor and put a puppet ruler on the throne, but both the new ruler and the general died soon after. In 383 the Dong Jin turned back invading armies of the northern nomads at the battle of Fei River. An uprising led by disaffected landowners started in 400. While the revolt was crushed (402), it led to increasing powers being granted to army leaders. The dynasty followed up the military successes by pushing northwestward (415–417), thereby regaining access to Central Asian trade routes. But the kingdom, weakened by court intrigues, was ripe for a military coup. The first usurper was Huan Xuan, who was soon overthrown by Liu Yu, a general whose victorious campaigns against the northern kingdoms had won him great popularity. Liu Yu had the reigning emperor killed and set up a puppet ruler, whom he also had killed, finally setting himself on the throne and founding the short-lived Liu-Song dynasty—the first of the Southern Dynasties (Nanchao) of the Six Dynasties period.

▪ China-Mongolia [1115-1234]

Wade-Giles romanization  Chin , also called  Juchen dynasty , Juchen also spelled  Jurchen , Pinyin  Nüzchen , or  Ruzhen , Wade-Giles romanization  Nü-chen , or  Ju-chen , Mongolian  Jürched , or  Jürchid 

      (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China.

      Originally subjects of the Liao (Liao dynasty), an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes, the Juchen, with the aid of the Chinese Song dynasty, threw off the rule of their overlords and established their own dynasty between 1115 and 1122. They then turned to attack the Song and drove them south of the Huai River. Like the Liao they set up a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over the southern part of their conquests and a tribal state to control the nomadic tribes of Inner Asia. Their capital was at Huining (in present-day Heilongjiang (Heilungkiang) province) until 1152, then at Yanjing (now Beijing), and finally at Bianjing ( Kaifeng). The major part of their realm was in China proper, but the Juchen were very conscious of preserving their ethnic identity. To this end, they continued to use their own alphabet and speech and banned Chinese clothing and customs from their armies—although they had chosen the Chinese name of Jin for their dynasty. Their fierce warrior ways gradually disappeared, however, and the dynasty was finally destroyed in 1234, when it was caught in the middle of a newly concluded alliance between the Mongols on the north and the Song on the south.

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