Avestan language

Eastern Iranian language of the Avesta, the sacred book of Zoroastrianism.

The oldest portion of the Avesta, the Gathas, are now commonly thought to date from around the end of the 2nd millennium BC and are thus contemporary with Vedic Sanskrit. Not until the mid-Sasanian period (5th–6th century AD) was the Avesta committed to writing, in an alphabetic script invented for the purpose on the basis of existing Middle Persian scripts. The oldest manuscripts date only from the 13th century.

* * *

also called  (incorrectly) Zend Language,  

      eastern Iranian language of the Avesta, the sacred book of Zoroastrianism. Avestan falls into two strata, the older being that of the Gāthās, which reflects a linguistic stage (dating from c. 600 BC) close to that of Vedic Sanskrit in India. The greater part of the Avesta is written in a more recent form of the language and shows gradual simplification and variation in grammatical forms. When the canon of the Avesta was being fixed (4th to 6th century AD), Avestan was a dead language known only to priests. It probably ceased to be used as an everyday spoken tongue about 400 BC, but the sacred word was passed down through oral tradition. Avestan was written in a script evolved from late Pahlavi (Pahlavi language) writing, which, in turn, derived from Aramaic.

* * *