polo

—poloist, n.

/poh"loh/, n.

1. a game played on horseback between two teams, each of four players, the object being to score points by driving a wooden ball into the opponents' goal using a long-handled mallet.

2. any game broadly resembling this, esp. water polo.

3. See polo shirt.

[1835-45; < Balti (Tibetan language of Kashmir): ball]

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I

Game played by teams of players on horseback.

Players use mallets with long flexible handles to drive a wooden ball through goalposts. It was first played in Persia in the 6th century BC; from there it spread to Arabia, Tibet (polo is Balti for "ball"), South Asia, and the Far East. The first British polo clubs were formed in India in the mid-19th century; the game came to the U.S. a few decades later. Polo has long been primarily played by the wealthy, because of the expense of acquiring and maintaining a stable of polo "ponies" (actually full-sized adult horses, bred for docility, speed, endurance, and intelligence). The standard team is made up of four players whose positions are numbered 1–4. A game consists of six 7.5-minute periods called chukkers or chukkas. The field is 300 yards (274.3 m) long by 160 yards (146.3 m) wide; an indoor version of the game is played on a smaller field.

II

(as used in expressions)

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Polo Marco

water polo

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▪ 1994

      The highest-level polo played in the world, the Argentine Open, held at Buenos Aires on Nov. 27, 1993, was marred by unusually heavy rains and the absence of one of the best teams because of a suspension handed down by the Argentine Association. As a result, the overall competition was not of the usual high standards, and the final between Indios Chapaleufu and La Martina provided a lacklustre game, with the four Heguy brothers (Bautista, Gonzalo, Horacio, and Marcos) of Indios Chapaleufu winning their third straight Open championship 14-10.

      At the U.S. Open, at Indio, Calif., in October, 10-goaler Memo Gracida led his team to victory and thus won his 11th Open title, a record for any player. The team Gehache, consisting of Gracida, his brother Rubin, Mike Azzaro, and Glen Holden, defeated Fish Creek 11-10, with the final goal a penalty shot by Memo Gracida. Cellular One, led by Adam Lindemann, won the Rolex Gold Cup at Palm Beach, Fla., 14-4 over Michelob.

      In England the Queens Cup at Guards Polo Club was won by Urs Schwarzenbach's Black Bears 10-8 over Kerry Packer's Ellerston White. The Open championship for the Gold Cup was taken home by the Alcatel team of Peter Webb, Gabriel Donoso, Pici Alberdi, and Nacho Gonzales 9-8 over Ellerston Black. The climax of the season, the Coronation Cup, was won by England 8-3 over Chile.

      (ALLAN D. SCHERER)

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▪ sport

Introduction

      game played on horseback between two teams of four players each who use mallets with long, flexible handles to drive a wooden ball down a grass field and between two goal posts. It is the oldest of equestrian sports.

History.

      A game of Central Asian origin, polo was first played in Persia ( Iran) at dates given from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD. Polo was at first a training game for cavalry units, usually the king's guard or other elite troops. To the warlike tribesmen, who played it with as many as 100 to a side, it was a miniature battle.

      In time polo became a Persian national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women as well as men played the game, as indicated by references to the queen and her ladies engaging King Khosrow II Parvīz and his courtiers in the 6th century AD.

      From Persia the game spread to Arabia, then to Tibet (the English word polo is the Balti word meaning “ball”), to China, and to Japan. In China (910) the death of a favoured relative in a game prompted Emperor A-pao-chi (Abaoji) to order the beheading of all surviving players.

      Polo was introduced into India by the Muslim conquerors in the 13th century; but, although the game had been described in Sir Anthony Sherley's Travels to Persia (1613), the first Europeans to play the game were British tea planters in Assam, who formed the first European polo club in 1859 at Silchar. The Calcutta Polo Club was formed in the early 1860s. Polo spread rapidly after a captain in the 10th Hussars stationed in India saw a match early in 1866 and immediately formed a team from among his fellow officers. Before the year ended, informal matches were held between British cavalry units stationed in India. In 1870 a challenge round was held between the 10th Hussars and the 9th Lancers in England. At this time there were eight men to a side and almost no rules. Polo grew rapidly in England, with matches at Richmond Park and Hurlingham attracting more than 10,000 spectators by 1875. After it had been introduced by the military, the sport of polo remained popular with them but also spread to the universities and was popular with the nobility and royalty.

      In 1876, the sportsman and newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett saw his first polo game and introduced it in the United States. Later that year informal games were being played in New York City and by 1877 at Jerome Park racetrack in Westchester County, N.Y., where the Westchester Polo Club was founded in this latter year. In 1881 the Meadow Brook Club was formed in Long Island, N.Y., by such early outstanding players as Thomas Hitchcock, Sr., August Belmont, and Benjamin Nicoll. The size of the team was reduced to five and then, in 1881 in the United States and in 1883 in England, to four, the present number. Though the rules of the Hurlingham Club of England (which was founded in 1886) were at first used in the United States, in 1888 a system of handicapping players was devised to equalize tournament play. The Polo Association (later the United States Polo Association) was founded in 1890 and standardized the rules. Polo spread throughout the country, although the game long remained one for the rich because of the expense of acquiring and maintaining a stable of polo ponies. Outside the United States, the game's governing body is the Hurlingham Polo Association, which maintains relations with many national bodies.

International competition.

      The first international competition took place in 1886 when the United States unsuccessfully challenged the English, then the undisputed world leaders in polo, for the Westchester Cup. England defended the Cup successfully in 1902, but the United States won in 1909. The Cup was contested nine additional times (the last in 1939), with the Americans winning each time except in 1914. The next international meeting was in 1971, when the United States defeated England for the Coronation Cup, a single-game rather than a three-game match, thereafter held annually.

      After 1909 the style of the game changed from the relatively slow English form of play characterized by short, controlled hitting. American polo players used a long-hitting, fast-moving, wide-open style that revolutionized the sport. The rules of the two countries were eventually assimilated, the United States adopting the English rule permitting a player to hook an opponent's stick with his mallet, while the English abandoned their offside rule that forbade players preceding the ball.

      From 1909 to 1950 the United States was supreme in polo. Through the 1920s and '30s polo became increasingly popular in Argentina, and in 1928 the first Copa de las Americas (Cup of the Americas) was contested between the United States and Argentina. Since then Argentina has become the uncontested master of international polo. Polo became the Argentine national game, and crowds exceeded 60,000. International matches commercially sponsored (mainly at Boca Raton, Fla.) were held in the 1970s, and European championships were inaugurated in 1980.

      Although in the 20th century it is far from common, British and American women also play polo. In the United States, women compete against women on the collegiate level, and there is a women's National Handicap competition. Occasionally a woman also acts as the fourth member of an otherwise all-male team.

The game.

      Polo is played on an outdoor grass field 300 yards (274.3 m) long by 160 yards wide. Centred at each end are lightweight goalposts 8 yards apart. A score is made by hitting the ball between the goalposts. Play begins with the two teams of four lined up facing each other in the centre of the field. One of the umpires (there are two mounted umpires on the field and a referee on the sidelines) bowls the ball between the teams. Then, with passes to teammates, speed, and maneuvering, each team tries to score as the opponents try to prevent a score. A game consists of six periods of 7 ¹/₂ minutes each, called chukkers, chukkars, or chukkas. Eight chukkers are played in Argentina, and four is a common number in England and on the European continent.

The players.

      Each player is assigned a position with certain responsibilities, but the positions are numbered, not named. The basic duties of the players are as follows: Number One is usually the novice or weakest player on the team, though the position is one of the most difficult to play. Number One needs anticipation, determination, and self-control, being theoretically responsible for scoring goals and neutralizing the opposing Number Four (defensive player). Number Two is the “hustler” or “scrambler,” always scrapping for the ball. He needs extremely maneuverable, fast ponies, a keen eye, and an optimistic, aggressive nature. Number Three, who plays quarterback, is a kind of pivot man. He must be a long, powerful hitter and is the tactical leader. He must feed balls up to Number One and Number Two, but he must also help maintain a solid defense. Number Three is usually the best player on the team. Number Four is primarily a defensive player, who, though he may move anywhere on the field, mainly functions to prevent scoring.

Polo ponies.

      Restrictions on size were removed after World War I, and the term pony is purely traditional. The mount is a full-sized horse and should have docility, speed, endurance, and intelligence. The pony is judged to be 60 to 75 percent of a player's ability. At first only Thoroughbreds were used, but horses of mixed breeding are now common. Most of the best ponies are bred in Argentina or in the Southwestern or Rocky Mountain regions of the United States, where they are broken early and are worked as cow ponies. A training period beginning at about age five lasts from six months to two years. Ponies reach their peak at about age 9 or 10 but, barring accidents, may play until age 18 or 20.

Handicaps.

      Each player is rated from 0 to 10 according to his ability in competition. Minus ratings such as -1 and -2 are also used. Rating is based on horsemanship, hitting ability, knowledge of the game, quality of horses, and sportsmanship. The number of 10-goal players has not increased, though the total number of players has. Argentine dominance is reflected in a virtual monopoly of active 10-goal players.

Equipment.

      Each player wears a protective helmet, riding boots to just below the knees, and a coloured shirt bearing the number of his position. He may also wear knee pads and spurs (not sharp) and carry a whip. The ball for outdoor polo is made of bamboo or willow root about 3 ¹/₄ inches (8.3 cm) in diameter and weighing about 4 ounces (113.4 g). The mallet has a rubber-wrapped grip with a webbed thong for wrapping around the hand and a flexible bamboo-cane shaft with a bamboo head 9 ¹/₂ inches in length, the whole weighing about 7 ounces and varying from 48 to 53 inches, depending on pony size and length of a player's arm. The ball is struck with the side of the mallet, not the end.

      Saddles (saddle) are English-style with deep seats like jumping saddles. The pony's front legs are bandaged from just below the knee to the ankle to prevent injury, and the pony's mane is clipped and its tail braided to prevent interference with the mallet swing.

Indoor, or arena, polo.

      The indoor game was introduced in the United States and is played predominantly there, thus allowing polo in winter. The field is 100 yards long and 50 yards wide, with wooden boards 4–4 ¹/₂ feet (1.2–1.4 m) high to keep the ball in play. The ball is inflatable leather, 4 ¹/₂ inches in diameter and weighing at least 6 ounces. A team has three players instead of four as in the outdoor game. Except for some minor rule changes, the indoor game is basically the same as the outdoor.

Richard C. Latham Ed.

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