Newark

/nooh"euhrk, nyooh"-/ for 1-3, 5; /nooh"ahrk', nyooh"-/ for 4; for 1 also locally /noork, nyoork/, n.

1. a city in NE New Jersey, on Newark Bay. 329,248.

2. a city in central Ohio. 41,200.

3. a town in W California. 32,126.

4. a city in N Delaware. 25,247.

5. a town in W New York. 10,017.

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City (pop., 2000: 273,546) and port of entry, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., west of New York City.

It was founded in 1666 by Puritans and was chartered as a township in 1693. It was the site of the College of New Jersey (1748–56; now Princeton University). In 1776 the city served as a supply base for Gen. George Washington. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. The largest city in the state, it was the scene of major civil disturbances in 1967. It is a highly diversified industrial, transportation, and insurance centre. It was the birthplace of Aaron Burr and Stephen Crane.

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▪ Delaware, United States

      city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It lies just west-southwest of Wilmington. The community developed in the late 1680s around the New Worke Quaker meetinghouse, which served as an early crossroads meeting place for travelers. Nearby Cooch's Bridge on Christina Creek was the scene (September 3, 1777) of the only significant battle of the American Revolution fought in the state. An early industrial enterprise in the locality was a paper mill built before 1798 on White Clay Creek. Newark's industries now include the manufacture of vulcanized fibre, concrete products, and processed foods and the assembly of automobiles. Newark is the seat of the University of Delaware (Delaware, University of) (founded 1743 in New London, Pennsylvania, and transferred to Newark in 1765). Inc. town, 1887; city, 1951. Pop. (1990) 25,098; (2000) 28,547.

▪ New Jersey, United States

Introduction

      city and port, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Passaic River and on Newark Bay, 8 miles (13 km) west of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. Newark was incorporated as a city in 1836. Pop. (2000) city, 273,546; Newark-Union MD, 2,098,843; (2006 est.) city, 281,402; Newark-Union MD, 2,152,757.

History

      Puritans migrating from Connecticut founded Newark in 1666 on land purchased from Delaware Indians. The settlement, first named Pesayak Towne and later New Milford, was probably renamed for the home of the Reverend Abraham Pierson, who went there from Newark-on-Trent, England. Another version holds that the name was of biblical significance (New Ark). Newark became the seat of Essex county (1682) and was chartered as a township in 1693.

      After the American Revolution, Newark became (c. 1790) noted for leather tanning, jewelry, and shoe manufacturing. The shoe industry profited greatly from the inventiveness of Seth Boyden, who, regarded by Thomas Edison as one of the greatest American inventors, came to Newark from Massachusetts in 1815 and developed a process for making patent leather (1818). He is credited as the first producer of malleable cast iron (1826) and as a developer of an improved, larger strawberry. There is a statue of him in Washington Park. Newark's other industrial pioneers included the Reverend Hannibal Goodwin, who patented a flexible film for motion pictures (1887), and Edward Weston, who invented electrical measuring instruments (1888).

      From the 1950s through the '70s there was an outward movement of population from Newark that fundamentally altered its ethnic composition, a change that accelerated after the city was wracked by rioting in 1967. The movement of whites to the suburbs raised the proportion of African Americans in the city from less than one-fifth in 1950 to about three-fifths by the 1990s. African Americans obtained some political power in Newark in 1970, when the city elected its first black mayor, Kenneth A. Gibson. Newark has faced increasing rates of poverty, infant mortality, and citizens infected by the AIDS virus.

The contemporary city

      Newark's proximity to New York City places it within the country's most highly industrialized and populous area. The city is the largest in New Jersey and is a leading industrial centre. Its manufactures are highly diversified and include electronic equipment, leather goods, chemicals, rubber, jewelry, furniture and fixtures, textiles, industrial machinery, and foodstuffs. Printing, publishing, and the insurance business are also significant. Newark is a transportation centre and a major East Coast distributing point. Newark International Airport is one of the world's busiest, since it serves both Newark and the New York City area. The Port of Newark, started in 1915, is now leased and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

      Located in Newark are the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1881), the Newark campus of Rutgers University (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey), a branch of Seton Hall University (1856; Roman Catholic), Essex County College (1968), and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (1956). Near the city centre is Military Park, used as a drill ground in colonial times and now the site of a bronze group of figures, The Wars of America, by Gutzon Borglum (Borglum, Gutzon). Branch Brook, a county park, is noted for its Japanese cherry trees. In front of the county courthouse, designed by Cass Gilbert, is a seated statue of Abraham Lincoln, also by Borglum. Historic buildings include Trinity Cathedral (1733), used as a hospital during the revolution; House of Prayer (1850), with its older stone rectory, Plume House (1710); and the First Presbyterian Church (1790). Adjacent to and part of the Newark Museum (which has a variety of exhibits) is the Ballantine House (1880s), a restored Victorian mansion. The New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC; 1997), across from Military Park, is a multipurpose venue with fine acoustics and a mix of small and large performance spaces; it is home to the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra. Several blocks away, near City Hall (1908) and the Depression-era Newark Penn Station (which serves Amtrak, subway, and commuter trains), is the Prudential Center (2007), venue for the New Jersey Devils ice-hockey team and host to other sports and entertainment events.

      Notable Newark residents have included singers Sarah Vaughan (Vaughan, Sarah) and Dionne Warwick; Mary Mapes Dodge (Dodge, Mary Mapes), author of Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates (1865); and poet Edmund Clarence Stedman (Stedman, Edmund Clarence). Stephen Crane (Crane, Stephen), author of The Red Badge of Courage (1895), was a native son, as was the statesman Aaron Burr (Burr, Aaron).

▪ Ohio, United States

      city, seat (1808) of Licking county, central Ohio, U.S. It lies at the junctions of the North and South forks of the Licking River and of Raccoon Creek, 30 miles (48 km) east of Columbus. Laid out in 1802, the community of Newark was named for the New Jersey hometown of the first settlers, led by Gen. William C. Schenck. Newark prospered as an agricultural trading centre, and development was spurred by its location near the Ohio and Erie Canal system begun (1825) at Licking Summit, 4 miles (6 km) south, and by the arrival of the first railroad (1853).

      The modern city's economy is well diversified and is based on agriculture (dairying, livestock, grain, and fruit) and industry (including the manufacture of glass fibre and aluminum, bank machines, truck axles and transmissions, lighting equipment, containers, and plastics). The Newark campus of Ohio State University opened in 1957, and Central Ohio Technical College was established in 1971. Points of historic interest include Sherwood-Davidson House (1815), the National Heisey Glass Museum (in the 1831 King House), and the Ohio Indian Art Museum. Indian earthworks in Newark Earthworks National Historic Landmark (comprising Great Circle, Wright, and Octagon structures) date from pre-Columbian settlement in the locality. Nearby are Buckeye Lake State Park, Dawes Arboretum, the Flint Ridge State Memorial and Museum (a prehistoric Indian flint quarry), Dillon State Park, and the Ohio Canal Lock. Granville, 5 miles (8 km) west, is the seat of Denison University (1831). Inc. town, 1826; city, 1860. Pop. (2000) 46,279; (2005 est.) 47,301.

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