Lollard

Lollard
Lollardy, Lollardry, Lollardism, n.
/lol"euhrd/, n.
an English or Scottish follower of the religious teachings of John Wycliffe from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
[1375-1425; late ME < MD lollaert mumbler (of prayers), equiv. to loll(en) to mumble (see LULL) + -aert -ARD]

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▪ English religious history
 in late medieval England, a follower, after about 1382, of John Wycliffe (Wycliffe, John), a University of Oxford philosopher and theologian whose unorthodox religious and social doctrines in some ways anticipated those of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. The name, used pejoratively, derived from the Middle Dutch lollaert (“mumbler”), which had been applied earlier to certain European continental groups suspected of combining pious pretensions with heretical belief.

      At Oxford in the 1370s, Wycliffe came to advocate increasingly radical religious views. He denied the doctrine of transubstantiation and stressed the importance of preaching and the primacy of Scripture as the source of Christian doctrine. Claiming that the office of the papacy lacked scriptural justification, he equated the pope with Antichrist and welcomed the 14th-century schism in the papacy as a prelude to its destruction. Wycliffe was charged with heresy and retired from Oxford in 1378. Nevertheless, he was never brought to trial, and he continued to write and preach until his death in 1384.

      The first Lollard group centred (c. 1382) on some of Wycliffe's colleagues at Oxford led by Nicholas Of Hereford. The movement gained followers outside of Oxford, and the anticlerical undercurrents of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 were ascribed, probably unfairly, to the influence of Wycliffe and the Lollards. In 1382 William Courtenay (Courtenay, William), archbishop of Canterbury, forced some of the Oxford Lollards to renounce their views and conform to Roman Catholic doctrine. The sect continued to multiply, however, among townspeople, merchants, gentry, and even the lower clergy. Several knights of the royal household gave their support, as well as a few members of the House of Commons.

      The accession of Henry IV in 1399 signaled a wave of repression against heresy. In 1401 the first English statute was passed for the burning of heretics. The Lollards' first martyr, William Sawtrey, was actually burned a few days before the act was passed. In 1414 a Lollard rising led by Sir John Oldcastle (Oldcastle, Sir John) was quickly defeated by Henry V. The rebellion brought severe reprisals and marked the end of the Lollards' overt political influence.

      Driven underground, the movement operated henceforth chiefly among tradespeople and artisans, supported by a few clerical adherents. About 1500 a Lollard revival began, and before 1530 the old Lollard and the new Protestant (Protestantism) forces had begun to merge. The Lollard tradition facilitated the spread of Protestantism and predisposed opinion in favour of King Henry VIII's anticlerical legislation during the English Reformation.

      From its early days the Lollard movement tended to discard the scholastic subtleties of Wycliffe, who probably wrote few or none of the popular tracts in English formerly attributed to him. The most complete statement of early Lollard teaching appeared in the Twelve Conclusions, drawn up to be presented to the Parliament of 1395. They began by stating that the church in England had become subservient to her “stepmother the great church of Rome.” The present priesthood was not the one ordained by Christ, while the Roman ritual of ordination had no warrant in Scripture. Clerical celibacy occasioned unnatural lust, while the “feigned miracle” of transubstantiation led men into idolatry. The hallowing of wine, bread, altars, vestments, and so forth was related to necromancy. Prelates should not be temporal judges and rulers, for no man can serve two masters. The Conclusions also condemned special prayers for the dead, pilgrimages, and offerings to images, and they declared confession to a priest unnecessary for salvation. Warfare was contrary to the New Testament, and vows of chastity by nuns led to the horrors of abortion and child murder. Finally, the multitude of unnecessary arts and crafts pursued in the church encouraged “waste, curiosity, and disguising.” The Twelve Conclusions covered all the main Lollard doctrines except two: that the prime duty of priests is to preach and that all men should have free access to the Scriptures in their own language. The Lollards were responsible for a translation of the Bible (biblical translation) into English, by Nicholas of Hereford, and later revised by Wycliffe's secretary, John Purvey.

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  • lollard — ● lollard nom masculin Nom donné à des pénitents ou hérétiques du XIVe s. ⇒LOLLARD, subst. masc. HIST. (Moy. Âge) A. [En Angleterre] Disciple de Wycliffe, qui prêchait la pauvreté de l Église et de ses membres, dont les principes furent déclarés… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Lollard — Lol lard, n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Lollard — name for certain heretics, late 14c. (in Chaucer, Loller, c.1386), from M.Du. lollaerd, applied pejoratively to members of reforming sects c.1300 who devoted themselves to the care of the sick and poor, lit. mumbler, mutterer, so called by… …   Etymology dictionary

  • Lollard — [lä′lərd] n. [ME < MDu lollaerd, lit., mutterer (of prayers, psalms) < lollen: see LOLL] any of the followers of John Wycliffe in 14th and 15th cent. England …   English World dictionary

  • Lollard — Lollards Les Lollards sont les membres ou sympathisants d un mouvement de contestation religieuse et sociale apparu en Angleterre au XIVe siècle. « De quel droit ceux qui s appellent seigneurs, dominent ils sur nous ? À quel titre… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Lollard Walter — Walter Lollard Walter Lollard (Walter Lolhardus, Walter Lollardus) de son vrai nom Walter Raynard, était un théologien et précurseur de la Réforme. Biographie Il est né à Mentz (Allemagne). Célèbre pour son éloquence et ses écritures. Séjourne en …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Lollard — noun Etymology: Middle English, from Middle Dutch lollaert, from lollen to mutter Date: 14th century one of the followers of Wycliffe who traveled in the 14th and 15th centuries as lay preachers throughout England and Scotland • Lollardism noun • …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • lollard — (lol lar) s. m. Nom donné à des hérétiques du commencement du XIVe siècle en Belgique et en Allemagne, et qu on dit provenir d un certain Gautier Lolhard, allemand ; cette doctrine abolissait la messe, les sacrements, l ordination des prêtres,… …   Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré

  • Lollard — [ lɒləd] noun a follower of the English religious reformer John Wyclif (c.1330–84). Derivatives Lollardism noun Lollardy noun Origin orig. a derogatory term, derived from a Du. word meaning mumbler , based on lollen to mumble …   English new terms dictionary

  • Lollard — ♦ Term of abuse, literally meaning mumbler , commonly applied to those who espoused Wyclif s heretical ideas or ideas similiar to his. (Heath, Peter. Church and Realm, 1272 1461, 364) …   Medieval glossary

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