Lanzhou

/lahn"joh"/, n. Pinyin.

a city in and the capital of Gansu province, in N China, on the Huang He. 1,450,000.

Also, Lanchou, Lanchow.

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or Lan-chou

City (pop., 1999 est.: 1,429,673), capital of Gansu province, north-central China.

Situated on the upper Huang He (Yellow River), it became part of the territory of Qin in the 6th century BC and later developed as a major trade centre on the Silk Road. It became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture under the Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) and the capital of Gansu province in 1666. It was badly damaged during the Muslim uprisings in 1864–75. A centre of Soviet influence in northwestern China in the early 20th century, it was the terminus of the 2,000-mi (3,200-km) Chinese-Soviet highway that was used during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) for the transport of Soviet supplies. It developed as an industrial and cultural centre after World War II. It is the seat of Lanzhou University.

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▪ China

Introduction

Wade-Giles romanization  Lan-chou , conventional  Lanchow 

      city, capital of Gansu sheng (province), west-central China. It is situated in the southeastern portion of the province on the upper course of the Huang He (Yellow River), where the river emerges from the mountains. Lanzhou has been a centre since early times, being at the southern end of the route leading via the Gansu (Hexi) Corridor across Central Asia; it also commands the approaches to the ancient capital area of Chang'an (modern Xi'an) in Shaanxi (Shensi) province from both the west and the northwest, as well as from the area of Koko Nor (Qinghai Hu) via the upper waters of the Huang He and its tributaries. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 1,576,446; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 2,561,000.

History

      Originally in the territory of the Xi (Western) Qiang peoples, Lanzhou became part of the territory of Qin (Qin dynasty) in the 6th century BCE. Under the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), it became the seat of Jincheng xian (county) in 81 BCE and later of Jincheng jun (commandery); the county was renamed Yunwu. In the 4th century it was briefly the capital of the independent state of Qian (Former) Liang. The Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535) reestablished Jincheng commandery and renamed the county Zicheng.

      Under the Sui dynasty (581–618) the city became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture for the first time, retaining this name under the Tang dynasty (618–907). In 763 the area was overrun by the Tibetans, and it was then recovered by the Tang in 843. Later it fell into the hands of the Xi (Western) Xia (Xi Xia) (Tangut) dynasty (which flourished in Ningxia (Ningsia) from 1038 to 1227) and was subsequently recovered by the Song dynasty (960–1127) in 1041, who reestablished the name Lanzhou. After 1127 it fell into the hands of the Jin (Juchen) dynasty (Jin dynasty) (1115–1234), and after 1235 it came into the possession of the Mongols. Under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) the prefecture was demoted to the status of a county and placed under the administration of Lintao superior prefecture, but in 1477 Lanzhou was reestablished as a political unit. In 1739 the seat of Lintao was transferred to Lanzhou, which was later made a superior prefecture also called Lanzhou. When Gansu became a separate province in 1666, Lanzhou became its capital.

      The city was badly damaged during the rising of Gansu Muslims in 1864–75; in the 1920s and '30s it became a centre of Soviet influence in northwestern China. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) Lanzhou, linked with Xi'an by highway in 1935, became the terminus of the 2,000-mile (3,200-km) Chinese-Soviet highway, used as a route for Soviet supplies destined for the Xi'an area. This highway remained the chief traffic artery of northwestern China until the completion of a railway from Lanzhou to Ürümqi in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region of). During the war Lanzhou was heavily bombed by the Japanese.

The contemporary city

      Since 1949 Lanzhou has been transformed from the capital of a poverty-stricken province into the centre of a major industrial area. It has become a centre of the country's petrochemical industry and has a large refinery linked by pipeline to the oil fields at Yumen in western Gansu; it also manufactures equipment for the oil industry. In addition, the city produces locomotives and rolling stock for the northwestern railways, as well as machine tools and mining equipment. Aluminum products, industrial chemicals, and fertilizers are produced on a large scale, as are rubber products. Copper is mined in nearby Gaolan.

      Lanzhou remains the collecting centre and market for agricultural produce and livestock from a wide area. It has a textile industry, particularly noted for the production of woolens. Leather goods are also produced. In addition, since the 1960s Lanzhou has been the centre of China's nuclear power industry. There is a thermal-power-generating plant supplied with coal from fields in Qinghai, and there are several hydroelectric-power stations in the Lanzhou area, including the installation at the Liujiaxia Gorge on the Huang He, above the city.

      Lanzhou, one of the major points on the ancient Silk Road, is situated near China's geographical centre and is an important hub of land communications. The Longhai Railway line had been extended northwestward to Lanzhou from Tianshui by 1953. Later, Lanzhou was linked with Beijing via Baotou in Inner Mongolia. Lines have also been constructed northwest to Ürümqi and westward into Qinghai province via Xining and Haiyan (on Koko Nor) to Golmud and (since 2006) from there southward to Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region. In addition, expressways have been built to Xining and northeast to Yinchuan in the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia. Lanzhou's airport, located north of the city, has service to a number of Chinese cities.

      The city is the cultural centre of Gansu and the seat of Lanzhou University (founded 1909). The Northwest Minorities University, the Northwest Normal University, and a number of scientific institutes are also located there. The caves and grottoes of Bingling Temple, southwest of the city, are filled with Buddhist statuary, and the site is a popular tourist destination.

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