disputations
101FRANCE — (Heb. פְרַאנְצִיָּה and צָרְפַת), country in Western Europe. This entry is arranged according to the following outline: from the first settlements unil the revolution the roman and merovingian periods from the carolingians until the eve of the… …
102GALUT — (Golah) (Heb. גָּלוּת, גּוֹלָה), exile. The Concept The Hebrew term galut expresses the Jewish conception of the condition and feelings of a nation uprooted from its homeland and subject to alien rule. The term is essentially applied to the… …
103ḤASAN (Hussein) BEN MASHI'AḤ — (tenth century), Karaite scholar. According to Ibn al Hītī he lived in Baghdad, where he held religious disputations with the Christian scholar Abu Ali ʿIsā ibn Zarʿa. Sahl b. Maẓli aḥ states that Ḥasan had disputations with saadiah gaon (d. 942) …
104ISIDORE OF SEVILLE — (Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560–636), archbishop of Seville, theologian, and encyclopedist; one of the last church fathers . Isidore was probably born in Cartagena, but when he was still a child his family moved to Seville. He was educated by his… …
105JUDAIZERS — JUDAIZERS, persons who, without being Jews, follow in whole or in part the Jewish religion or claim to be Jews. The prototype of the Judaizer was naaman , the minister to the king of Syria, who, after being cured by Elisha, worshiped the God of… …
106KIEV — (Kiov), capital of Ukraine. The Jewish Community before 1667 Kiev s central position on the River Dnieper at the commercial crossroads of Western Europe and the Orient attracted Jewish settlers (rabbanites and karaites ) from the foundation of… …
107MAJORCA — (Sp. Mallorca), largest and most important of the Balearic Isles. It is difficult to determine when Jews first arrived in Majorca, but it may be assumed that the settlement was ancient because of the island s location at the crossroads of the… …
108MESSIANIC MOVEMENTS — Basic Elements The pattern on which Jewish messianic movements were based crystallized in the late Second Temple period and furnished Jews in following generations with certain basic elements. These, when confronted by certain typical challenges …
109PILPUL — (Heb. פִּלְפּוּל), a collective term denoting various methods of talmudic study and exposition, especially by the use of subtle legal, conceptual, and casuistic differentiation. The word is derived from pilpel ( pepper ), indicating that these… …
110REFORMATION — Like most revolutions the Reformation within the Christian Church in 16th century Europe combined ultraconservative trends with a drive for change. In his attitude toward the Jews, martin luther moved from a conscious attempt at a form of… …
