borough

borough
/berr"oh, bur"oh/, n.
1. (in certain states of the U.S.) an incorporated municipality smaller than a city.
2. one of the five administrative divisions of New York City.
3. Brit.
a. an urban community incorporated by royal charter, similar to an incorporated city or municipality in the U.S.
b. a town, area, or constituency represented by a Member of Parliament.
c. (formerly) a fortified town organized as and having some of the powers of an independent country.
4. (in Alaska) an administrative division similar to a county in other states.
[bef. 900; ME burw(e), borwg(h), borogh, bor(u)g, bur(u)g, burgh town, OE burg fortified town; c. ON borg, OS, D burg, G Burg castle, Goth baurgs city; MIr brí, brig, Welsh, Breton bre hill, Avestan baraz- height; akin to Armenian bardzr, Hittite parkus high. See BARROW2.]

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▪ legislative area
      in Great Britain (United Kingdom), incorporated town with special privileges or a district entitled to elect a member of Parliament.

      The medieval English (England) borough was an urban centre identified by a charter granting privileges, autonomy, and (later) incorporation. As an autonomous corporation, the borough functioned outside the general administrative hierarchy of the shire and hundred. From the 16th century, the importance of boroughs as units of local government declined, but they gained a new importance as parliamentary constituencies (constituency). By the late 17th century, about 200 English boroughs elected roughly four-fifths of the members of the House of Commons (Commons, House of).

      By the early 19th century, as depopulated boroughs controlled by the nobility and gentry (the so-called pocket boroughs (pocket borough) and rotten boroughs (rotten borough)) were vastly overrepresented and the growing industrial cities and towns underrepresented, the system of parliamentary representation for boroughs had become antiquated. The Reform Act of 1832 (Reform Bill), the first of three major reform bills (Reform Bill) of the 19th century, stripped many old boroughs of their representation and created many new ones centred on industrial towns. The reform of municipal corporations in 1835 gave English boroughs a uniform constitution and transformed them into modern units of local government. The Local Government Act of 1888 established county boroughs, which—unlike municipal boroughs—were empowered to act independently of administrative counties. The county boroughs were abolished in a reorganization of local government in 1974. Further reorganization in the 1990s established 36 English metropolitan borough councils and 33 London borough councils. Borough county councils also were created in Wales.

      In the United States the word borough appeared occasionally in colonial Virginia but was not widely used after the American Revolution (1775–83). Village, town, and city were the names most often applied to municipal units, and the American city corresponded most closely to the English borough as a full-fledged urban unit. In a few states where the borough was officially recognized, it indicated an incorporated town or village of lesser status than a city. The New York (New York City) legislature adopted the name when in 1897 it combined five large areas known as the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Richmond ( Staten Island) to form the city of Greater New York (New York City).

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Universalium. 2010.

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Synonyms:
(in England, a town represented in Parliament), , ,


Look at other dictionaries:

  • Borough — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Boroughs y subdivisiones de la ciudad de Berlín, Alemania. Borough ( …   Wikipedia Español

  • Borough — Bor ough, n. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. ba[ u]rgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Borough —   [ bʌrə] der, (s)/ s, in Großbritannien ursprünglich befestigtes Siedlungszentrum, später körperschaftlich organisierte Stadtgemeinde, Marktflecken. Seit 1888 wurde unterschieden zwischen grafschaftsangehörigen (Municipal Borough) und… …   Universal-Lexikon

  • borough — [bʉr′ō] n. [ME burgh < OE burg, burh, town, fortified place, akin to Ger burg < IE * bhr̥gh, fortified elevation < base * bhereĝh , high > BARROW2] 1. in certain states of the U.S., a self governing, incorporated town 2. the basic… …   English World dictionary

  • Borough — (spr. Börro, Royal borough), im heutigen Schottland eine Corporation, welcher durch Königlichen Freibrief (Royal charter) besondere Handelsprivilegien u. das Recht verliehen worden ist Beauftragte (Commissioners) vor das Parlament zu schicken …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Borough — Bor ough, n. [See {Borrow}.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Borough [1] — Borough (spr. Borroh), 1) ursprünglich gleichbedeutend mit dem deutschen Worte Burg, einen gegen feindliche Angriffe geschützten Ort bezeichnend, wurde in England später 2) die Benennung eines jeden Gemeindewesens, welches durch Kauf, Schenkung… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Borough [2] — Borough (spr. Borroh), 1) Marktflecken in der englischen Grafschaft Carinarthen (Irland); Kohlenbergwerke; 6900 Ew.; 2) (Boroughbridge, spr. Borrohbridsch), Stadt in der englischen Grafschaft York, am Ure, über welchen eine schöne Brücke führt.… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Borough — (engl., spr. börro; in älterer angelsächs. Wortform Byrig, Borge, Borgh oder Borhoe, identisch mit dem deutschen Burg) bezeichnete ursprünglich einen geschützten, zur Zuflucht vor feindlichen Angriffen dienenden Platz. Zur Zeit der Angelsachsen… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Borough — (engl., spr. börro), Burg, befestigter Platz; später Orte mit städtischen Gerechtsamen, unterschieden in Municipal und Parliamentary boroughs, letztere mit Wahlrecht zum Parlament. County boroughs, Städte, die keiner Grafschaft (County) zugehören …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

  • Borough — (engl. Börro), die deutsche Burg; später Orte mit städtischen Rechten und Städte mit dem Rechte der Wahl zum Parlament …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

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