Bhopal

/boh pahl"/, n.

1. a former state in central India: now part of Madhya Pradesh state.

2. a city in and the capital of Madhya Pradesh state, in central India. 392,077.

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I

City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 1,433,875), capital of Madhya Pradesh state, India.

Situated north of Nagpur, it is primarily an industrial city and a major rail junction. It is the site of India's largest mosque and home to several colleges. In 1984 Bhopal became the site of one of the worst industrial accidents in history when tons of toxic gas escaped from a Union Carbide insecticide plant and spread over a densely populated area; the final death toll was estimated at 3,800.

II

Former princely state, central India.

It is crossed by the Vindhya Mountains; the Narmada River is its southern boundary. It was founded in 1723 by an Afghan chieftain who had served under the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In its struggles with the Marathas, Bhopal was itself friendly to the British and concluded a treaty with them in 1817. It was the chief state of the Bhopal Agency and the second largest Muslim principality of the British Empire. At India's independence, Bhopal remained a separate Indian province. When it was incorporated into Madhya Pradesh in 1956, Bhopal city became the state's capital.

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▪ India

Introduction

      city, capital of Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The city is situated in the fertile plain of the Malwa Plateau. Lying just north of the Vindhya Range, along the slopes of a sandstone ridge, it is a major rail junction and has an airport.

History

      Bhopal was formerly a part of the Bhopal princely state, which was founded in 1723 by Dōst Moḥammad Khan (Dōst Moḥammad Khān), an Afghan adventurer, and was the second largest Muslim principality of the British Empire. In its struggles with the Marathas, Bhopal was friendly to the British and concluded a treaty with them at the outbreak of the Pindari War in 1817. The Bhopal Agency, created in 1818, was a subdivision of the British Central India Agency and comprised the former princely states of Bhopal, Rajgarh, Narsinghgarh, and several others. The headquarters was at Sehore.

      Bhopal was constituted a municipality in 1903. At India's independence in 1947, Bhopal remained a separate province until 1949, when it acceded to India. In 1952 the nawab's absolute rule was abolished, and a chief commissioner's state was established. It merged with Madhya Pradesh in 1956, and Bhopal replaced Nagpur as the state capital.

 In December 1984 Bhopal was the site of the worst industrial accident in history, when about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by the Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. The gas drifted over the densely populated neighbourhoods around the plant, killing thousands of people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others attempted to flee the city. The final death toll was estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000, and some half million survivors suffered respiratory problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from exposure to the toxic gas. Soil and water contamination due to the accident was blamed for chronic health problems of the area's inhabitants. Investigations later established that substandard operating and safety procedures at the understaffed plant had led to the catastrophe.

The contemporary city

      Bhopal is known as the “city of lakes”; its name is a derivation of Bhoj Tal (“Bhoj's Lake”), a lake constructed by Bhoj, a Hindu raja, in the 11th century. Today, that lake is the Upper Bhopal Lake (Bada Talab), which is connected to the Lower Bhopal Lake (Chhota Talab) by an aqueduct. The lakes supply drinking water and are used for recreation. Around the lakes are several palaces and a fort dating from about 1728. Bhopal has several mosques, including the 19th-century Taj al-Masjid, the largest mosque in India. A three-day religious pilgrimage is held at the mosque annually, which attracts Muslim pilgrims from all parts of India. Other significant attractions in and around Bhopal include Fatehgarh Fort; Lakshminarayan Temple; Bharat Bhawan, a multipurpose arts centre; the Museum of Man, an open-air exhibit of replicas of different Indian tribal dwellings; and Van Vihar National Park, a zoological park.

      Bhopal has several hospitals and a musical academy and is the seat of Bhopal University (founded 1970), which has several affiliated colleges in the city. Industries in the city include cotton and flour milling, cloth weaving and painting, and the manufacture of transformers, switch gears, traction motors, and other heavy electrical equipment, as well as matches, sealing wax, and sporting goods. Pop. (2001) 1,437,354.

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