Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

▪ American engineer and inventor

born July 30, 1889, Murom, Russia

died July 29, 1982, Princeton, N.J., U.S.

  Russian-born U.S. electronic engineer, inventor, and the father of modern television.

      After education at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology and the Collegè de France, in Paris, Zworykin served during World War I in the Russian Signal Corps. He emigrated to the United States in 1919 and became a naturalized citizen in 1924. In 1920 he joined the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, and in 1923 he filed a patent application for the iconoscope, or television transmission tube, and in 1924 an application for the kinescope, or television receiver. These two inventions formed the first all-electronic television system, as all older systems had been electromechanical, involving a rapidly rotating perforated disk or some similar device.

      Although Westinghouse officials expressed little enthusiasm at the first demonstration of Zworykin's television, an improved system demonstrated in 1929 impressed an official of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Zworykin was offered a position as director of electronic research of RCA at Camden, N.J., and subsequently at Princeton, N.J., to continue the development of his invention.

      Zworykin's television system provided the impetus for the development of modern television as an entertainment and education medium. Although ultimately replaced by the orthicon and image orthicon tubes, the iconoscope was the basis for further important developments in television cameras. The modern television picture tube is basically Zworykin's kinescope. He also developed a colour-television system, for which he received a patent in 1928. His other developments in electronics include an early form of the electric eye and innovations in the electron microscope. His electron image tube, sensitive to infrared light, was the basis for the sniperscope and the snooperscope, devices first used in World War II for seeing in the dark. His secondary-emission (secondary emission) multiplier was used in the scintillation counter, one of the most sensitive of radiation detectors.

      In later life Zworykin lamented the way television had been abused to titillate and trivialize subjects rather than for the educational and cultural enrichment of audiences.

      Named an honorary vice president of RCA in 1954, from then until 1962 Zworykin also served as director of the medical electronics centre of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York City. In 1967 the National Academy of Sciences awarded him the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the instruments of science, engineering, and television and for his stimulation of the application of engineering to medicine. He was also founder-president of the International Federation for Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering, a recipient of the Faraday Medal from Great Britain (1965) and the U.S. Presidential Medal of Science (1966), and a member of the U.S. National Hall of Fame from 1977.

      Zworykin wrote Photocells and Their Applications (1932), Television (1940; rev. ed., 1954), Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope (1946), Photoelectricity and Its Application (1949), and Television in Science and Industry (1958).

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