refuse disposal system

refuse disposal system

 technique for the collection and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management.

      A brief treatment of refuse disposal systems follows. For further discussion, see environmental works: Solid-waste management (environmental works).

      Although all societies have had some systematic form of refuse disposal, it was not until relatively recent times that the modern concept of solid-waste management became recognized as an essential health and welfare service.

      Carelessly deposited garbage was for centuries a prime source of disease, whether through the infection of water supplies or as a breeding ground and food source for flies, rats, and other carriers of disease. Because pigs were often permitted to feed on raw garbage, they contracted such diseases as trichinosis, which was then passed along to humans. In the early 20th century Britain began heat treatment of garbage to prevent the transmission of such diseases.

      The industrialization of modern societies resulted in a vast increase in the amount of refuse generated per person. In the early 21st century, between 1,600 and 1,700 pounds (725 and 770 kg) of refuse per person per year were produced in the United States alone. Industry has created new types of waste, especially toxic chemicals and radioactive materials, that are highly dangerous to public health and safety if they are disposed of improperly. There have already been several instances of entire communities being contaminated and evacuated because of careless handling or decomposition of toxic chemicals. Individuals share in the carelessness by littering roads and highways with trash and indiscriminately dumping such items as wrecked cars and old refrigerators.

      Refuse is generally collected either by manually picking up trash bags from individual households or by mechanically emptying large community trash containers into trucks equipped with compactors to maximize their capacities. The refuse is then taken to a disposal site, of which the favoured design site is a sanitary landfill. Refuse of a landfill—as opposed to garbage in an open dump which is left exposed—is dumped into trenches, levelled and compacted with a bulldozer, and then covered with a layer of soil. When the landfill has reached its full capacity after a period of years, it may be used as a recreational area. Many cities have begun to run short of landfill space, however, and have begun to transport refuse to areas with sparse populations.

      Incineration (incinerator) has proved to be a satisfactory means of refuse disposal in areas where there is little or no landfill capacity. Combustible refuse is brought to a plant that is, in effect, an enormous furnace. There it is burned thoroughly by putting it through two combustion stages, and to protect air quality, the exhaust gases are cleansed. The expense of such a system can sometimes be reduced by putting the heat energy to use; plants of this type are in operation in Munich, Frankfurt, Paris, and Montreal.

      Disposal of refuse in water (water resource) often creates pollution that can be a hazard for living things; for this reason the long-practiced method of dumping garbage at sea from scows has been greatly restricted. A relatively effective and safe method of disposing of organic refuse in water is the use of a food grinder attached to the sewage system of a household or food-handling establishment. Although these devices add only a small quantity of water to the community sewage system, they do increase the amount of solid material that must be handled at the treatment plant.

      The practice of recycling such salvageable materials as metal, glass, and newsprint began in earnest during World War II and has been revived to some extent since the early 1970s. Several states have passed laws requiring deposits on beverage containers (refundable with the return of the containers), which has resulted in reduced roadside litter. A variety of salvage companies have been established; products made of recycled paper, for example, have become common.

* * *


Universalium. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Pneumatic refuse conveying system — The Pneumatic Refuse Conveying System is a waste disposal system that was implemented in the Stockholm area. Refuse is conveyed through steel pipes by a 20–25 meter per second air current.ources* Kolson, Kenneth. Big Plans: The Allure and Folly… …   Wikipedia

  • waste disposal —       the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society. The term “waste” covers both solid wastes (refuse, or garbage) and sewage (wastewater). See materials salvage (recycling); refuse disposal… …   Universalium

  • disposal — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ safe ▪ illegal ▪ ultimate ▪ the problems of the ultimate disposal of nuclear waste ▪ garbage (AmE), refuse …   Collocations dictionary

  • disposal — Synonyms and related words: abalienation, abandonment, abjuration, administration, alienation, allocation, allotment, amortization, amortizement, apportionment, arrangement, array, arraying, assignation, assignment, bargain and sale, barter,… …   Moby Thesaurus

  • Plasma arc waste disposal — Plasma Converter redirects here.Plasma arc gasification is a waste treatment technology that uses high electrical energy and high temperature created by an electrical arc gasifier. This arc breaks down waste primarily into elemental gas and solid …   Wikipedia

  • Judicial system of the People's Republic of China — For the Ministry of Justice, see Ministry of Justice of the People s Republic of China. People s Republic of China This article is part of the series: Politics and government of …   Wikipedia

  • environmental works — ▪ civil engineering Introduction       infrastructure that provides cities and towns with water supply, waste disposal, and pollution control services. They include extensive networks of reservoirs, pipelines, treatment systems, pumping stations …   Universalium

  • nuclear reactor — Physics. reactor (def. 4). Also called nuclear pile. [1940 45] * * * Device that can initiate and control a self sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions. Neutrons released in one fission reaction may strike other heavy nuclei, causing them …   Universalium

  • recycling — or materials salvage Recovery and reuse of materials from consumed products. The main motives for recycling have been the increasing scarcity and cost of natural resources (including oil, gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees) and the pollution of… …   Universalium

  • incinerator — /in sin euh ray teuhr/, n. a furnace or apparatus for burning trash, garbage, etc., to ashes. [1880 85; INCINERATE + OR2] * * *       container for burning refuse (refuse disposal system), or plant designed for large scale refuse combustion. In… …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”