Omdurman, Battle of

▪ African history

      (Sept. 2, 1898), decisive military engagement in which Anglo-Egyptian forces, under Major General Sir Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener), defeated the forces of the Mahdist leader Abd Allāhʿ and thereby won Sudanese territory that the Mahdists had dominated since 1881.

      Preparations for an advance against ʿAbd Allāh's forces at Omdurman began at the end of July 1898, with the dispatch to Kitchener at Wad Ḥamad (above Al-Matammah on the west bank of the Nile River) of reinforcements from Cairo. There, on August 24, a combined Anglo-Egyptian force of 26,000 men was amassed. It comprised a British division of two brigades, an Egyptian division of four brigades, and mounted troops, artillery, engineers, and a flotilla. The Mahdist forces numbered some 40,000 but their simple weapons were no match for Kitchener's modern armaments.

      While a force of Arab irregulars—friendly to the Anglo-Egyptian forces and under British command—proceeded southward to clear the Nile's east bank of all opposition as far as the Blue Nile, the Anglo-Egyptian army under Kitchener proceeded southward along the west bank unopposed. On September 1, while the British army's flotilla shelled the Mahdist forts on both sides of the river and breached the wall of Omdurman, Kitchener bivouacked four miles north of the city at Egeiga on the west bank. He repulsed two successive charges on his lines by Mahdist forces on September 2, slaughtering the Mahdist troops with machine guns and artillery and subsequently sweeping the field in an old-fashioned cavalry charge. He then marched on Omdurman, where he further decimated the Mahdist forces. The Mahdist total losses were about 10,000 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 5,000 taken prisoner. The British had about 500 casualties.

      The results of the battle were the destruction of ʿAbd Allāh's army, the extinction of Mahdism in the Sudan, and the establishment of British dominance there.

* * *