Likert, Rensis

▪ American social scientist

born August 5, 1903, Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.

died September 3, 1981, Ann Arbor, Michigan

      American social scientist who developed scales for attitude measurement and introduced the concept of participative management.

      After studying economics and sociology at the University of Michigan (A.B., 1922), Likert studied psychology at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1932). He taught psychology at New York University (1930–35) before moving to Hartford, Connecticut, to become the director of research for the Life Insurance Agency Management Association. While there, he began comparing and evaluating modes of supervision. In 1939 Likert became a division director for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. His final career move occurred in 1946, when he helped establish a research centre at the University of Michigan that was eventually named the Institute for Social Research. Likert served as its director until his retirement in 1970.

      Early in his career Likert sought to find effective and systematic means of studying human attitudes and the factors that influence them. His research led him to develop a scale for attitude measurement. Now known as the Likert Scale, it offers a means of determining attitudes along a continuum of choices, such as “strongly agree,” “agree,” and “strongly disagree.” A numerical value is assigned to each statement.

      Likert's dissatisfaction with existing survey methods led him to devise more formal and better-structured interviewing techniques, which have since become standard survey research practices. His most important contribution, however, came during his years with the Institute for Social Research, when Likert directed his efforts toward improving business management. This work ultimately led to his participative management theory. First proposed in New Patterns of Management (1961) and later discussed in The Human Organization (1967), the theory posited that the modern workforce had become more intuitive and independent; as a result, managers who rewarded employee self-initiative and who encouraged employee contribution in business decisions would benefit from greater productivity levels. American companies such as Herman Miller, Inc., instituted this approach in the 1950s and continued to practice participative management into the 21st century.

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