Heckel, Erich

▪ German artist

born July 31, 1883, Döbeln, Germany

died January 27, 1970, Radolfzell, West Germany [now Germany]

      German painter, printmaker, and sculptor who was one of the founding members of Die Brücke (Brücke, Die) (“The Bridge”), an influential group of German Expressionist (Expressionism) artists. He is best known for his paintings and bold woodcuts of nudes and landscapes.

      In 1904 Heckel began to study architecture in Dresden, Germany, where Die Brücke was formed the following year. The strong outlines and bright colours in Heckel's early works as a member of that group reveal his admiration for Post-Impressionist (Post-Impressionism) painters Vincent van Gogh (Gogh, Vincent van) and Paul Gauguin (Gauguin, Paul); he had the ability to use colour and distorted space to achieve a highly emotive effect. After moving to Berlin in 1911 with the rest of Die Brücke, Heckel became increasingly interested in formal pictorial composition. The mood of his works became more melancholy, and he subdued his previously bright colours. He often focused on themes of illness and introspection, as in the triptych Convalescent Woman (1913).

      The Brücke artists helped to revive the woodcut tradition in Germany; they prized the medium's ability to convey rough, spontaneous marks and bold, flat colour. Heckel was the artist most prolific in woodcut, often creating posters and invitations for Die Brücke exhibitions. The group also had an interest in African sculpture, which can be seen in Heckel's woodcut Sleeping Negress (1908) and in his wood sculpture Crouching Girl (1912).

      Heckel served as a medical corpsman in World War I. Most of his prewar works were lost, and after 1920 his painting became less intense, with a palette that shifted to more pastel colours. Nevertheless, in 1937 the Nazis denounced his work, labeling it “degenerate (degenerate art).” After World War II Heckel taught at the Academy of Art (1949–56) in Karlsruhe, West Germany, until his retirement. In 1963 a retrospective exhibit of his work was held in the German cities of Munich, Berlin, and Stuttgart.

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