Hammond, Laurens

▪ American inventor

born Jan. 11, 1895, Evanston, Ill., U.S.

died July 1, 1973, Cornwall, Conn.

      American businessman and inventor of the electronic keyboard instrument known as the Hammond organ.

      Hammond's early education took place in Europe, where the family had moved in 1898. Returning to the United States, Hammond attended Cornell University where he received a degree (1916) in mechanical engineering. In 1920, while employed as an engineer for a Detroit automobile concern, he worked privately on a variety of original devices, eventually inventing a soundless clock by enclosing the spring motor in a soundproof box. Selling the marketing rights for his clock, Hammond quit his job and devoted all his efforts to experimentation. He soon developed a synchronous motor that revolved in phase with the 60-cycle electric alternating current then becoming standard. It became the heart of both the Hammond clock and the Hammond organ.

      In 1928 he perfected his electric clock and founded the Hammond Clock Company; the company name was changed to the Hammond Instrument Company in 1937, later (1953) becoming the Hammond Organ Company. Although he was not a musician, Hammond became fascinated early in 1933 with the sounds emanating from the phonograph turntables in his laboratory. He and his engineers began to explore the possibilities of producing conventional musical tones by electric synthesis. By the end of 1934 he had designed and built an instrument with 91 small tonewheel generators (rotated by means of his synchronous motor), with harmonic drawbars placed above the keyboard to permit the mixture of millions of different tones. The advertised claims for the Hammond organ were disputed by the manufacturers of traditional pipe organs, and a complaint was made to the Federal Trade Commission in 1937; the commission decided in Hammond's favour. His later inventions included the Solovox (1940), an attachment to the piano keyboard designed to enable the amateur player to augment the melody with organ-like or orchestral sounds, and the chord organ (1950), on which chords are produced simply by touching a panel button.

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