GEMILUT ḤASADIM — (Heb. גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים; lit., the bestowal of lovingkindness ), the most comprehensive and fundamental of all Jewish social virtues, which encompasses the whole range of the duties of sympathetic consideration toward one s fellow man. The… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
NEW YORK CITY — NEW YORK CITY, foremost city of the Western Hemisphere and largest urban Jewish community in history; pop. 7,771,730 (1970), est. Jewish pop. 1,836,000 (1968); metropolitan area 11,448,480 (1970), metropolitan area Jewish (1968), 2,381,000… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
COOPERATIVES — The Jewish cooperative movement began toward the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Its development was part of the general spread of cooperatives throughout the world at that time, and was spurred additionally by the rising… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
ODESSA — ODESSA, capital of Odessa district, Ukraine. In the 19th century it became the industrial and commercial center for southern Russia. In 1865 a university was founded. Odessa was an important center of the Russian revolutionary movement. Under the … Encyclopedia of Judaism
CHARITY — The obligation to help the poor and the needy and to give them gifts is stated many times in the Bible and was considered by the rabbis of all ages to be one of the cardinal mitzvot of Judaism. In the Bible The Bible itself legislates several… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Chesed — The Hebrew noun khesed or chesed (חסד) is the Hebrew word for kindness. It is also commonly translated as loving kindness, or love. Love is a central Jewish value, and leads to many particular commandments. Chesed is central to Jewish ethics and… … Wikipedia
ḤEVRAH, ḤAVURAH — (Heb. חֲבוּרָה. חֶבְרָה, Aram. חֶבְרָא), a formal membership association in the framework of the traditional Jewish community, now limited in scope. In Ashkenazi communities, each such society bore the generic appellation kaddisha (קַדִּישָׁא),… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
LODZ — (Yid. Lodskh; Ger. Litzmanstadt), city in central Poland, center of the textile industry. In 1793 there were 11 Jews in Lodz; by 1809 (when the city was under Prussian rule) the number had risen to 98. A community was organized at that time and a … Encyclopedia of Judaism
