Frontenac, Louis de Buade, comte de Palluau et de

▪ French colonial governor

(count of Palluau and of)

born May 22, 1622, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, Fr.

died Nov. 28, 1698, Quebec, New France [now in Canada]

      French courtier and governor of New France (1672–82, 1689–98), who, despite a record of misgovernment, managed to encourage profitable explorations westward and to repel British and Iroquois attacks on New France.

      Frontenac's father, Henri de Buade, was colonel of the Régiment de Navarre and a member of Louis XIII's entourage. The young Frontenac served with the French armies during the Thirty Years' War; by 1643, at the age of 21, he was colonel of the Régiment de Normandie, and in 1646 he was appointed a maréchal de camp (brigadier general).

      Frontenac had great personal charm and much influence at court, but he was also egoistic and unscrupulous, as well as extravagant; by 1663 his debts amounted to more than 350,000 livres. In 1669 he took service as lieutenant general with the Venetian forces defending Crete against the Turks, but he had not been on the island long before he was dismissed from his post for intriguing against his superior officers.

      In 1672 he was appointed governor-general of New France. Within a year of his arrival in the colony, he had founded a fur-trading post, Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. Shortly afterward he became associated with the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, sieur (lord) de), who, with Frontenac's support, obtained royal consent to continue the explorations of Louis Jolliet down the Mississippi River to its mouth. La Salle took advantage of this to found fur-trading posts at the foot of Lake Michigan and on the Illinois River, from which his men, with the connivance of Frontenac, illegally engrossed a large part of the western fur trade. This brought them into conflict with the Montreal fur traders, dividing the New France colony into two hostile factions. Despite repeated warnings from Louis XIV and his minister J.-B. Colbert, Frontenac also disputed violently with the officials and clergy of New France.

      While these conflicts were raging within the colony, a much more serious external problem was developing. Until 1675 the Five Nations of the Iroquois Indian confederacy had remained on good terms with the French because they were under attack from the Andaste and Mohegan tribes; but in that year the Iroquois subdued the other tribes and immediately began to contest the French hold on the western fur trade, their aim being to divert it from Montreal to Albany, with themselves acting as middlemen. When they attacked the tribes allied to the French and threatened the French themselves, Frontenac tried to appease them, doing nothing to strengthen the colony's almost nonexistent defenses. This policy merely encouraged the Iroquois to press their attacks with greater vigour, until the French were in danger of being driven out of the west. During these years, too, the English Hudson's Bay Company established posts in James Bay, posing another threat to the Canadian fur trade, one that Frontenac chose to ignore. In 1682 Louis XIV recalled Frontenac because of his misgovernment. (His successors eventually brought the Indians to terms.)

      When England declared war on France in May 1689, Frontenac was given command of an expedition to conquer the English province of New York. At the same time, he was reappointed governor of New France. Frontenac's expedition was delayed by adverse weather, however, and he did not reach Quebec until October 12. The Iroquois, meanwhile, learning of Anglo-French hostilities before the news reached New France, had launched a furious assault on the unsuspecting colony on August 5, inflicting great damage and killing or capturing about 100 Canadians. This attack, and the lateness of the season when Frontenac reached the colony, made it impossible to invade New York in force; but in January he sent three war parties to attack the English frontier settlements at Schenectady, Fort Loyal, and Salmon Falls. All three places were destroyed with heavy loss of life for the defenders, and as a result the northern English colonies united for an assault on New France. The attacking forces, led by Sir William Phips, were repulsed at Quebec by the French under Frontenac, who distinguished himself by his prudent tactics.

      During the next few years the fighting was confined to sporadic raids on the Canadian settlements by the Iroquois, but this did not prevent a rapid expansion into the west by the Canadian fur traders. Frontenac concerned himself far more with the fur trade than with pressing the war to a successful conclusion. Despite Louis XIV's policy of curbing expansion into the interior in order to strengthen the central colony, old fur-trading posts were strengthened and new posts established by Frontenac until French influence extended beyond Lake Superior, and the flood of furs coming down to Montreal glutted the market in France. After much urging from his subordinates and the receipt of explicit orders from the Minister of the Marine, Frontenac finally undertook in 1696 an expedition that destroyed the villages of two of the Iroquois nations. The following year the war between England and France ended, but it was not until 1701 that a peace treaty was ratified with the Iroquois by Frontenac's successor.

      Frontenac was one of the more colourful personages in North American history. His connections at the court of Louis XIV enabled him to survive failures that might have destroyed another man and won him credit for the achievements of his subordinates. It was, however, under his regime that the English and Iroquois attacks on New France were finally repulsed and the French extended their North American empire from Montreal to Lake Winnipeg and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

W.J. Eccles

Additional Reading

Francis Parkman, France and England in North America, pt. 5, Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV (1877, reprinted 1983); W.J. Eccles, Frontenac: The Courtier Governor (1959, reissued 1965).

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