Fontanes, Louis, marquis de

▪ French scholar

born March 6, 1757, Niort, France

died March 17, 1821, Paris

      French man of letters who represented Catholic and conservative opinion during the First Empire and was appointed grand master of the University of Paris by Napoleon.

      As a young man, Fontanes lived in Paris and associated with the important literary figures of the time. When the Revolution came, he at first enthusiastically supported it, expressing his sentiments in Poème séculaire, ou chant pour la Fédération du 14 Juillet (1790) and editing a newspaper, Modérateur, in Lyon. Eventually, however, the excesses of the Revolution disgusted him; and after he courageously protested the atrocities of the Terror in Lyon to the National Convention in December 1793, he was forced to go into hiding. But in 1795, after the establishment of the Directory, he was appointed professor of literature at the École Centrale des Quatre-Nations and was one of the first members of the Institut National, in which he opposed antireligious views. Forced to leave Paris by the Directory because of his journalistic activities in 1797, he spent two years in London, where he became a friend of one of the founders of French Romanticism, the royalist François René de Chateaubriand. (Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-René, vicomte de)

      Returning to France in 1799, Fontanes helped edit the political and literary journal Mercure de France. A member of the legislative body from 1802, Fontanes served as its president from 1804 to 1808. Napoleon appointed him grand master of the University of Paris in 1808; and despite the emperor's plans to reorganize it along secular and military lines, Fontanes endeavoured to maintain its traditions and its religious identity. After Napoleon's abdication in 1814, Fontanes supported Louis XVIII and was a member of the commission appointed to draft the Charte Constitutionnelle, Louis's constitution. In 1817 he was created a marquis.

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