Cairnes, John Elliott

▪ British economist

born December 26, 1823, Castle Bellingham, County Louth, Ireland

died July 8, 1875, London, England

      Irish economist who restated the key doctrines of the English classical school (classical economics) in his last and largest work, Some Leading Principles of Political Economy Newly Expounded (1874).

      Cairnes was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he later became professor of political economy (1856–61). He subsequently held chairs in political economy at Queen's College, Galway (1861–66), and at University College, London (1866–72).

      In his first book, The Character and Logical Method of Political Economy (1857), Cairnes emphasized the abstract deductive nature of classical political economy, arguing that, in light of political policies and principles, the classical approach could be seen as scientific and neutral. His “Essays on the Gold Question” (published in Essays in Political Economy, 1873) are considered among the most important 19th-century works on monetary theory. His research into the effects of the discoveries of gold in Australia and California revived support for the quantity theory of money. His book The Slave Power (1862) criticized slavery by outlining its inefficiencies as a system of labour. Because it was published at the time of the American Civil War (1861–65), the book influenced British opinion in support of the North.

      Cairns is also remembered for his concept of noncompeting groups, particularly in the labour market, which foreshadowed the more systematic modern treatment of imperfect competitive and quasi-monopolistic conditions.

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