Gaarder, Jostein

▪ 1995

      When it first appeared in the United States in September 1994, Sophie's World was already something of a phenomenon—and a surprise to the Norwegian high-school teacher, Jostein Gaarder, who wrote it. Originally published in Norway in 1991, the book established its international fame in Germany, where it climbed to the top of Der Spiegel's best-seller list and stayed there for most of the year. Sophie was expected in British bookstores in January 1995, and rights had been sold to publishers in most European countries as well as in Turkey, Israel, Japan, South Korea, China, and Brazil.

      Gaarder was born on Aug. 8, 1952, in Oslo Norway. He studied the history of ideas, religion, and Nordic literature at the University of Oslo. After graduation in 1976, he worked as a secondary-school teacher of philosophy, religion, and literature in Oslo and Bergen. He began his literary career gradually, lecturing occasionally, submitting articles and poems to newspapers, and coauthoring textbooks. Gaarder debuted as an author of fiction with two short stories published in 1982 and 1986 and followed those with two children's books, Barna fra Sukhavati ("The Children from Sukhavati") in 1987 and Froskeslottet ("The Frog Palace") in 1988. In both books a fantasy world was set against the real world, giving the central characters the opportunity to explore and question ideas and values. In 1990 came Kabalmysteriet ("The Patience Mystery"), featuring a boy, Hans Thomas, and his father on a journey searching for the boy's mother, who had been lost eight years earlier. Gaarder felt that young Hans Thomas needed a greater understanding of philosophy, and this was how he came to write his history of philosophy in Sophie's World.

      Scoffed at by many critics (The Times called it "a potted philosophy primer masquerading as a novel of ideas"), Gaarder's best-seller undoubtedly owed its popularity to its cross-genre and cross-generational appeal. The central character is Sophie, a 14-year-old schoolgirl, who one day receives an unsigned note containing two questions: "Who are you?" and "Where does the world come from?" This leads her—and the reader—into an examination of the history of Western philosophy, from the pre-Socratics to Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Sartre. As was his style in other books, Gaarder spiced the plot of Sophie's World with an element of mystery and dosed out the philosophy sections in a gentle and accessible way.

      Gaarder's next novel, Julemysteriet (1992; "Christmas Magic"), was a journey through the history of Christianity, while I et speil, I en gate (1993; "Through a Glass, Darkly") took its title from a line in the Bible and was written as a dialogue between an angel and a girl dying of cancer. The author received several prizes in Norway and Germany for children's literature.

      In a lecture at the Oslo Book Fair, Gaarder argued for the introduction of philosophy in schools from the age of 10, when children still retained their curiosity. He felt that confronting and exploring issues such as "Who am I?" and "Where does the world come from?" were important for young people striving to find themselves in a complicated world. (IRENE GARLAND)

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