Friedman, Thomas L.

▪ 2003

      With fighting between Israelis and Palestinians, as well as U.S. efforts to combat terrorism, dominating the news in 2002, newspaper readers were searching out the insights of Thomas L. Friedman, the foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times. He had spent the first decade of his career largely in Lebanon and Israel and was known for his understanding of, and opinions on, Middle Eastern affairs. His columns in 2002 focused on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Arab governments and Islam, and U.S. policy toward the region. He could be outspoken, and his judgments—for example, criticism of Israeli settlements in the West Bank or of Egyptian and Saudi suppression of dissent—sometimes displeased both sides. During the year he also published Longitudes and Attitudes: Exploring the World After September 11, a collection of columns, supplemented by personal responses, on the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the U.S.

      Thomas Loren Friedman was born on July 20, 1953, in Minneapolis, Minn. His interest in the Middle East was first sparked when he went to Israel in 1968 to visit his sister, who was studying at Tel Aviv University. He gained a B.A. in Mediterranean studies from Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., in 1975, having spent a semester at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and another at American University in Cairo. In 1978 he earned an M.Phil. in modern Middle Eastern studies from the University of Oxford. Friedman then took a position with United Press International, which sent him to Beirut, Lebanon, in 1979. Beginning in 1981, he worked as a reporter for the New York Times, primarily covering oil and other business stories, before being sent in 1982 to Beirut as bureau chief. While there, he covered the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, including the massacre of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. In 1984 he moved to Jerusalem as bureau chief. During this time he won two Pulitzer Prizes, in 1983 for reporting from Lebanon and in 1988 for reporting from Israel. In 1989 he published From Beirut to Jerusalem, a memoir and analysis that won the National Book Award for nonfiction.

      From 1989 to 1995 Friedman held positions in the Washington, D.C., bureau of the New York Times. When he became the newspaper's foreign affairs columnist in 1995, he announced that he intended to concentrate on developments in Asia, where he believed the most profound changes would take place over the following years, but he also wrote about countries such as Russia and Mexico as well as those of the Middle East. In 1999 he published The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. In 2001–02, however, Friedman once again turned his attention to the region where he had first made his mark as a journalist. He collected his third Pulitzer Prize, this one for distinguished commentary, in 2002. The Pulitzer Board cited Friedman for his “clarity of vision…in commenting on the worldwide impact of the terrorist threat.”

Robert Rauch

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▪ American journalist

in full  Thomas Loren Friedman 

born July 20, 1953, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.

      American journalist, who was best known for his coverage of Middle Eastern affairs and his commentary on globalization. He won several Pulitzer Prizes (Pulitzer Prize) for his work.

      A trip to Israel in 1968 to visit his sister, who was studying at Tel Aviv University, first sparked Friedman's interest in the Middle East. He earned a bachelor's degree (1975) in Mediterranean studies from Brandeis University, having spent a semester at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and another at American University in Cairo. In 1978 he earned a master's degree in modern Middle Eastern studies from the University of Oxford. Friedman then took a position with United Press International, which sent him to Beirut in 1979. Beginning in 1981, he worked as a reporter for The New York Times, primarily covering oil and other business stories, before being sent in 1982 to Beirut as bureau chief. While there, he covered the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. In 1984 Friedman moved to Jerusalem as bureau chief. During this time he won two Pulitzer Prizes for his reporting from Lebanon (1983) and Israel (1988). In 1989 he published From Beirut to Jerusalem, a memoir and analysis that won the National Book Award for nonfiction.

      From 1989 to 1995 Friedman held positions in the Washington, D.C., bureau of The New York Times. When he became the newspaper's foreign affairs columnist in 1995, he announced that he intended to concentrate on developments in Asia, where he believed the most profound changes would take place over the following years. However, he also wrote about countries such as Russia and Mexico as well as those of the Middle East. In 1999 he published The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization.

      Friedman's columns in 2001–02 focused on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well as U.S. efforts to combat terrorism in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In 2002 he collected his third Pulitzer Prize, for distinguished commentary, and Longitudes and Attitudes: Exploring the World After September 11 was also published that year. His next book, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century (2005), which documents and analyzes the history of globalization (globalization, cultural), was met with both commercial success and critical acclaim. Beginning in 2003, Friedman commented extensively on the Iraq War. Although he originally supported the U.S.-led attack, he later criticized U.S. Pres. George W. Bush (Bush, George W.) and his administration for what he perceived to be failed attempts at Iraqi reconstruction.

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