Villa-Lobos, Heitor

born March 5, 1887, Rio de Janeiro, Braz.

died Nov. 17, 1959, Rio de Janeiro

Brazilian composer.

He was exposed to folk music as a child, and his later extensive ethnomusicological studies (1905–12) had great influence on his own works. Self-taught as a composer, he met Darius Milhaud in 1917, and Artur Rubinstein later promoted his music and helped support him. A "week of modern art" in São Paulo (1922) brought his music to national attention, and he was given a grant to go to Paris (1923–30), where his music was received enthusiastically. On his return he became a leader in musical education

founding the Ministry of Education conservatory (1942) and the Brazilian Academy of Music (1945)

and Brazil's semiofficial ambassador to the world. His many works include his 9 Bachianas brasileiras for various ensembles and his 14 Chôros, based on a popular form of street music.

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▪ Brazilian composer

born March 5, 1887, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

died November 17, 1959, Rio de Janeiro

 Brazilian composer and one of the foremost Latin American composers of the 20th century, whose music combines indigenous melodic and rhythmic elements with Western classical music.

      Villa-Lobos's father was a librarian and an amateur musician. Under the influence of his father's weekly musical get-togethers, the boy became interested in music. He learned to play cello (actually a modified viola) at age six and was inspired by music from J.S. Bach's A Well-Tempered Clavier given to him by an aunt. While traveling with his family to various regions of the vast country, he also developed an interest in native Brazilian folk music. When they returned to Rio, Villa-Lobos began associating and performing with the city's popular musicians. He learned to play the guitar. He left home at age 18 because his widowed mother opposed his “delinquent” friends and wanted him to become a doctor. Instead he became a musical vagabond, playing cello and guitar to support himself while traveling throughout the states of Espírito Santo, Bahia, and Pernambuco, absorbing Brazilian folk music and composing his own pieces.

      During this period Villa-Lobos enrolled briefly at the Instituto Nacional de Música in Rio, but he was to continue his travels for three years. He returned to Rio with a large group of manuscripts and an intimate knowledge of the Afro-Brazilian music of the North and Northeast. He began a serious study of the works of Bach (Bach, Johann Sebastian), Richard Wagner (Wagner, Richard), and Giacomo Puccini (Puccini, Giacomo), whose influence can be noted in his compositions. In 1915 a concert in Rio featured his compositions, and his career was given a vital boost that same year, when the firm of Artur Napoleão began publishing his music. Although many critics initially attacked the dissonance and modernity of his work, he persisted in his efforts to merge Western music and the Brazilian vernacular. In 1919 he met the pianist Artur Rubinstein (Rubinstein, Artur), who helped advance Villa-Lobos's reputation by playing his music in concerts throughout the world. He composed ceaselessly (about 2,000 works are credited to him in all), and by the time of his first trip to Europe in 1923, he had produced a long list of compositions in every form, from solo pieces for guitar to trios, quartets, concerti, vocal music, and symphonies. The success of his first trip—he made Paris his home base for the remainder of the 1920s—encouraged him to organize and perform in a number of concerts; during this period he published more of his work and solidified an international reputation.

      In Brazil for a performance in 1930, Villa-Lobos presented a plan for music education in the São Paulo school system and was appointed director of musical education there. In 1932 he took charge of musical education throughout Brazil. He established a conservatory for choral singing in 1942 and, with fellow composer Oscar Lorenzo Fernandez, cofounded the Brazilian Academy of Music in 1945. Between 1944 and 1949 he traveled widely in the United States and Europe, where he wrote music for several films, received many honours, and was much in demand as a conductor.

      As mentioned above, Villa-Lobos's works are characterized by a singular blend of Western classical music and Brazilian folk songs and rhythms. One of his best-known works is Bachianas brasileiras (written 1930–44), a set of nine pieces for various instrumental and vocal groups, in which a contrapuntal technique in the manner of Bach is applied to themes of Brazilian origin. A similar series of 14 works, composed between 1920 and 1929, bears the generic title Chôros (the choro is a Brazilian country dance). Each of his 12 symphonies alludes to a historic event or place. Among his many other works are two cello concerti (1915, 1955), Momoprecoce for piano and orchestra (1929), Guitar Concerto (1951), Harp Concerto (1953), Harmonica Concerto (1955), 16 string quartets; and Rudepoema for piano solo (1926; orchestrated 1942) and the symphonic poems Uirapurú (1917), Amazonas (1929), and Dawn in a Tropical Forest (1954).

Additional Reading

Biographies include David P. Appleby, Heitor Villa-Lobos: A Life (1887–1959) (2002), and Heitor Villa-Lobos: A Bio-Bibliography (1988); Gerard Béhague, Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Search for Brazil's Musical Soul (1994); L.M. (Lisa Margaret) Peppercorn, Villa-Lobos (1991; revised and enlarged biographical section, originally published in German, 1972), and The World of Villa-Lobos in Pictures and Documents (1996); L.M. Peppercorn (ed. and trans.), The Villa-Lobos Letters (1994); and Simon Wright, Villa-Lobos (1992).

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