Verne, Jules

born Feb. 8, 1828, Nantes, France

died March 24, 1905, Amiens

French writer.

He studied law then worked as a stockbroker while writing plays and stories. The first of his romantic adventures (voyages extraordinaires), Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863), was highly successful. His subsequent voyages

with increasingly fantastic yet carefully conceived scientific wonders that often anticipated 20th-century technological achievements

include A Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). Verne's work shaped the entire development of science fiction.

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▪ French author

born Feb. 8, 1828, Nantes, France

died March 24, 1905, Amiens

 prolific French author whose writings laid much of the foundation of modern science fiction.

      Verne's father, intending that Jules follow in his footsteps as an attorney, sent him to Paris to study law. But the young Verne fell in love with literature, especially theatre. He wrote several plays, worked as secretary of the Théâtre Lyrique (1852–54), and published short stories and scientific essays in the periodical Musée des familles. In 1857 Verne married and for several years worked as a broker at the Paris Stock Market. During this period he continued to write, to do research at the Bibliothèque Nationale (National Library), and to dream of a new kind of novel—one that would combine scientific fact with adventure fiction. In September 1862 Verne met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, who agreed to publish the first of Verne's Voyages extraordinaires (“Extraordinary Journeys”)—Cinq semaines en balloon (1863; Five Weeks in a Balloon). Initially serialized in Hetzel's Le Magasin d'éducation et de récréation, the novel became an international best seller, and Hetzel offered Verne a long-term contract to produce many more works of “scientific fiction.” Verne subsequently quit his job at the stock market to become a full-time writer and began what would prove to be a highly successful author-publisher collaboration that lasted for more than 40 years and resulted in more than 60 works in the popular series Voyages extraordinaires.

 Verne's works can be divided into three distinct phases. The first, from 1862 to 1886, might be termed his positivist period. After his dystopian second novel Paris au XXe siècle (1994; Paris in the 20th Century) was rejected by Hetzel in 1863, Verne learned his lesson, and for more than two decades he churned out many successful science-adventure novels, including Voyage au centre de la terre (1863, expanded 1867; Journey to the Centre of the Earth), De la terre à la lune (1865; From the Earth to the Moon), Autour de la lune (1870; Trip Around the Moon), Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (1870; Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), and Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (1873; Around the World in Eighty Days). During these years Verne settled with his family in Amiens and made a brief trip to the United States to visit New York City and Niagara Falls. During this period he also purchased several yachts and sailed to many European countries, collaborated on theatre adaptations of several of his novels, and gained both worldwide fame and a modest fortune.

      The second phase, from 1886 until his death in 1905, might be considered Verne's pessimist period. Throughout these years the ideological tone of his Voyages extraordinaires began to change. Increasingly Verne turned away from pro-science tales of exploration and discovery in favour of exploring the dangers of technology wrought by hubris-filled scientists in novels such as Sans dessus dessous (1889; Topsy-Turvy), L'Île à hélice (1895; Floating Island), Face au drapeau (1896; For the Flag), and Maître du monde (1904; Master of the World). This change of focus also paralleled certain adversities in the author's personal life: growing problems with his rebellious son, Michel; financial difficulties that forced him to sell his yacht; the successive deaths of his mother and his mentor Hetzel; and an attack by a mentally disturbed nephew who shot him in the lower leg, rendering him partially crippled. When Verne died he left a drawerful of nearly completed manuscripts in his desk.

      The third and final phase of the Jules Verne story, from 1905 to 1919, might be considered the Verne fils period, when his posthumous works were published—after being substantially revamped—by his son, Michel. They include Le Volcan d'or (1906; The Golden Volcano), L'Agence Thompson and Co. (1907; The Thompson Travel Agency), La Chasse au météore (1908; The Chase of the Golden Meteor), Le Pilote du Danube (1908; The Danube Pilot), Les Naufragés du Jonathan (1909; The Survivors of the Jonathan), Le Secret de Wilhelm Storitz (1910; The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz), Hier et demain (1910; Yesterday and Tomorrow, a collection of short stories), and L'Étonnante aventure de la mission Barsac (1919; The Barsac Mission). Comparing Verne's original manuscripts with the versions published after his death, modern researchers discovered that Michel Verne did much more than merely edit them. In most cases he entirely rewrote them—among other changes, he recast plots, added fictional characters, and made their style more melodramatic. Scholarly reaction to these discoveries has been mixed. Some critics condemn these posthumous works as contaminated; others view them as a legitimate part of the Verne père et fils collaboration. The debate continues.

      With Michel Verne's death in 1925, the final chapter of Jules Verne's literary legacy was more or less complete. The following year American publisher Hugo Gernsback (Gernsback, Hugo) used a representation of Verne's tomb as a logo for his Amazing Stories, the first literary magazine featuring tales of “scientifiction.” As the term scientifiction evolved into science fiction, the new genre began to flourish as never before, and Verne became universally recognized as its patron saint.

      During the 20th century, Verne's works were translated into more than 140 languages, making him one of the world's most translated authors. A number of successful motion pictures were made from Verne novels, starting in 1916 with 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (remade in 1954 by Walt Disney (Disney, Walt)) and including The Mysterious Island (1929 and 1961), From the Earth to the Moon (1958), Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959), and, perhaps the most popular, Around the World in 80 Days (1956).

      Verne's influence extends beyond literature and film into the world of science and technology, where he inspired generations of scientists, inventors, and explorers. In 1954 the United States Navy launched the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, named for Verne's Nautilus. And for more than 130 years, adventurers such as Nellie Bly (Bly, Nellie) (1890), Wiley Post (Post, Wiley) (1933), and Steve Fossett (Fossett, Steve) (2005) have followed in the footsteps of Verne's fictional hero Phileas Fogg by attempting to circumnavigate the globe in record-breaking times. Verne and his enduringly popular Voyages extraordinaires continue to remind us that “What one man can imagine, another will someday be able to achieve.”

Arthur B. Evans

Additional Reading

Brian Taves and Stephen Michaluk, Jr., The Jules Verne Encyclopedia (1996), contains the first reliable guide to the English-language editions of Verne's works, an overview of philatelic tributes to Verne, and a discussion of Hollywood's cinematic adaptations of Verne's novels. Jean Jules-Verne, Jules Verne: A Biography, trans. from the French by Roger Greaves (1976), is a family biography by Verne's grandson. Peter Costello, Jules Verne: Inventor of Science Fiction (1978), provides an aging but still solid introduction to Verne's life and works. William Butcher, Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography (2006), is the best modern biography of Verne.An in-depth scholarly study is Arthur B. Evans, Jules Verne Rediscovered: Didacticism and the Scientific Novel (1988), winner of the 1990 Eaton Award for best critical work on science fiction. William Butcher, Verne's Journey to the Centre of the Self: Space and Time in the Voyages Extraordinaires (1991), presents a sophisticated structuralist study of “dimensionality” in Verne's works. Jean Chesneaux, The Political and Social Ideas of Jules Verne, trans. by Thomas Wikeley (1972; originally published in French, 1971), is an incisive commentary on Verne's politics and ideology. Edmund J. Smyth (ed.), Jules Verne: Narratives of Modernity (2000), collects authoritative essays on Verne's literary legacy.Arthur B. Evans

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