Vaucanson, Jacques de

born Feb. 24, 1709, Grenoble, France

died Nov. 21, 1782, Paris

French inventor.

In 1739 he constructed an automaton, "The Duck," which imitated not only the motions of a live duck but also the motions of drinking, eating, and "digesting." An inspector of silk manufacture, Vaucanson automated the loom by means of perforated cards that guided hooks connected to the warp yarns (see weaving). His innovation was ignored for decades until J.-M. Jacquard reconstructed and improved on it; the Jacquard loom became one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

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▪ French inventor

born Feb. 24, 1709, Grenoble, Fr.

died Nov. 21, 1782, Paris

      prolific inventor of robot devices of significance for modern industry.

      Educated at the Jesuit College of Grenoble, Vaucanson developed a liking for machinery at an early age, first in Lyon and later in Paris. In 1738 he constructed an automaton, “The Flute Player,” followed the next year by “The Tambourine Player” and “The Duck.” The last was especially noteworthy, not only imitating the motions of a live duck, but also the motions of drinking, eating, and “digesting.” Appointed inspector of silk manufacture in 1741, Vaucanson's attention was drawn to the problems of mechanization of silk weaving. Several of his improvements were adopted by the industry, but his most important invention was ignored for several decades. Taking into account the inventions of his predecessors, he succeeded in automating the loom by means of perforated cards that guided hooks connected to the warp yarns. Power was to be supplied by falling water or by animals. After Vaucanson's death, his loom was reconstructed and improved by J.-M. Jacquard and became one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

      To build his machines, Vaucanson invented many machine tools of permanent importance. Toward the end of his life, he collected his own and others' inventions in what became in 1794 the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers (Conservatory of Arts and Trades) in Paris; it was there that Jacquard found his automatic loom.

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