San Stefano, Treaty of

(1878) Peace settlement imposed on the Ottoman government by Russia at the end of the Russo-Turkish War.

It established an independent Bulgarian principality that included most of Macedonia, realigned other European provinces of the Ottoman Empire, and ceded parts of Asian Turkey to Russia. Opposed by Austria-Hungary and Britain, it was modified at the Congress of Berlin.

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▪ Russia-Turkey [1878]

      (March 3 [Feb. 19, Old Style], 1878), peace settlement imposed on the Ottoman (Ottoman Empire) government by Russia at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War (Russo-Turkish wars) of 1877–78; it provided for a new disposition of the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire that would have ended any effective Turkish control over the Balkans if its provisions had not later been modified. Its most important provision established an independent Bulgarian principality, which included most of Macedonia and extended to the Danube and from the Aegean to the Black Sea. The independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania was recognized. The boundaries of Serbia and Montenegro were extended so as to be contiguous, while Romania was compelled to cede southern Bessarabia to Russia, receiving the Dobrudja (Dobruja) from Turkey in exchange. Bosnia-Hercegovina was to be autonomous. Parts of Asiatic Turkey were ceded to Russia, and the Ottoman sultan gave guarantees for the security of his Christian subjects.

      The treaty was opposed by Austria-Hungary, which disliked encouragement of Slav nationalism, and by the British, who feared the new Bulgarian state would become a Russian satellite and, as such, a threat to Istanbul as well as to Russian influence in the eastern Mediterranean. The treaty was modified by the terms of the Treaty of Berlin (Berlin, Congress of), which was signed four months later on July 13.

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