Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de

born Feb. 28, 1683, La Rochelle, France

died Oct. 17, 1757, Saint-Julien-du-Terroux

French physicist and entomologist.

He invented the thermometric scale that bears his name (see thermometry); on the Réaumur scale, 0° marks the freezing point of water and 80° marks the boiling point. He invented the opaque white glass known as Réaumur porcelain, improved techniques for making iron and steel, discovered that crayfish can regenerate lost appendages, and isolated gastric juice. His Memoirs Serving as a Natural History of Insects (1734–42), though unfinished, was a milestone in entomological history.

* * *

▪ French entomologist

born Feb. 28, 1683, La Rochelle, Fr.

died Oct. 17, 1757, Saint-Julien-du-Terroux

 French scientist and foremost entomologist of the early 18th century who conducted research in widely varied fields.

      In 1710 King Louis XIV put Réaumur in charge of compiling a description of the industry and natural resources of France. Réaumur devised the thermometric scale bearing his name, improved techniques for making iron and steel, and discovered the phenomenon of the regeneration of lost appendages among crayfish. The cupola furnace, still the most economical and generally used process for melting gray iron, was first built by Réaumur in 1720. In 1734 he published the first volume of his Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes (1734–42; “Memoirs Serving as a Natural History of Insects”). Five more volumes were published, and, though unfinished, his work was a milestone in entomological history.

      He investigated the chemical composition of Chinese porcelain and, in 1740, devised his own formula for the so-called Réaumur porcelain. In 1752 he isolated gastric juice and investigated its role in the digestion of food.

* * *