Kevorkian, Jack

born May 26, 1928, Pontiac, Mich., U.S.

U.S. pathologist, advocate and practitioner of physician-assisted suicide.

He expressed early interest in experimentation on death-row inmates who had been rendered unconscious rather than executed; his ideas negatively affected his medical career. In the 1980s he devised his "suicide machine," with which a person could commit suicide by merely pushing a button, and in the 1990s he assisted in the deaths of over 100 terminally ill persons. His actions provoked furious controversy and led to legislation and referenda; he was tried, convicted twice, and jailed, and his medical license was revoked. In 1998 he was convicted of murder for administering a lethal injection himself and was sentenced to 10–25 years in jail.

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▪ 1994

      In November and December 1993 Jack Kevorkian served two jail sentences on charges that he had violated the state's law against assisting in a suicide. In prison he threatened to starve himself to death to protest what he called "this immoral law." Frail and weakened by his second hunger strike, he was released from jail on Dec. 17, 1993, after promising that he would not participate in the deaths of any further terminally ill individuals. On December 18 a Wayne county Circuit Court judge ruled that Michigan's law against suicide assistance was unconstitutional, but the ruling was not binding in neighbouring Oakland county, where Kevorkian resided.

      Jack Kevorkian was born in Pontiac, Mich., on May 26, 1928. He attended the University of Michigan and in 1952 graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School. Early in his professional training, Kevorkian distanced himself from the medical mainstream. As a pathology resident, he lobbied for carrying out medical experiments on death-row inmates at the hour set for their execution, then giving them lethal injections, which earned him the sobriquet "Dr. Death." Later he advocated establishing suicide clinics ("obitoria"). In the 1960s and '70s he worked as a staff pathologist at hospitals in Michigan and southern California; then in 1982 he retired from practice and began to devote full time to his mission: helping terminally ill patients end their lives.

      Kevorkian gained international attention when in 1990 he enabled Janet Adkins of Portland, Ore., aged 54 and in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, to kill herself by using his so-called Mercitron machine. Over the following 3 1/2 years he was present at the deaths of 20 others. In response to Kevorkian's role in the death of 70-year-old Hugh Gale, the Michigan legislature passed a bill making it a felony knowingly to provide a person with the means to commit suicide or to physically assist in the act. The legislators believed that Gale may have had second thoughts after Kevorkian placed a carbon-monoxide-dispensing mask over his face. On Nov. 22, 1993, between jail sentences, Kevorkian attended the suicide of Ali Khalili. By going to Kevorkian for help, Khalili, a physician himself, seemed to be making a statement to the medical profession about its need to confront troubling ethical issues.

      Physician-assisted suicide, legalized in The Netherlands in February 1993, was largely opposed by the U.S. medical establishment. Many practitioners believed that such actions violate the most basic tenet of medicine: to do no harm. Medical ethicists criticized Kevorkian for assisting in the deaths of virtual strangers and seeking publicity in order to promote his own ideas. Even some proponents of euthanasia ("mercy killing") condemned the Michigan doctor's acts.

      Countering his detractors, Kevorkian claimed that he had never cared about anything but the welfare of the patient in front of him and that most U.S. doctors failed their patients by not responding to their suffering. Previously having refused to be stopped by laws, Kevorkian at the end of the year said he would no longer assist patients but would redirect his efforts toward changing those laws. (ELLEN BERNSTEIN)

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