Broca, Paul

born June 28, 1824, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Fr.

died July 9, 1880, Paris

French surgeon.

His study of brain lesions contributed significantly to understanding of the origins of aphasia. Much of Broca's research concerned the comparative study of the skulls of the races of humankind, work that aided the development of modern physical anthropology. He originated methods to study the brain's form, structure, and surface features and sections of prehistoric skulls. His discovery (1861) of the brain's speech centre (convolution of Broca) was the first anatomical proof of localization of brain function.

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▪ French anthropologist and pathologist

born June 28, 1824, Sainte-Foy-laGrande, Fr.

died July 9, 1880, Paris

      surgeon who was closely associated with the development of modern physical anthropology in France and whose study of brain lesions contributed significantly to understanding the origins of aphasia, the loss or impairment of the ability to form or articulate words. He founded the anthropology laboratory at the École des Hautes Études, Paris (1858), and the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris (1859).

      Much of Broca's research concerned the comparative study of the craniums of the so-called races (race) of mankind. Following precedents set by Samuel Morton in the United States, Broca developed numerous techniques to study the form, structure, and topography of the brain and skull in order to identify and differentiate human races. As a polygenist who considered the major human racial groups as separate species, Broca wrote influential works on “hybridization,” or the mixture of races, arguing that some mixtures of closely related races were beneficial (“eugenic”) while mixtures of greatly differing races were harmful (“dysgenic”).

      In 1861 he announced his discovery of the seats of articulate speech in the left frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of Broca. Thus, he also furnished the first anatomical proof of the localization of brain function. Founder of the Revue d'anthropologie (1872), he established the École d'Anthropologie, Paris (1876), and became its director. His writings include Mémoires d'anthropologie, 5 vol. (1871–78; “Memoirs of Anthropology”).

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