Beckford, William

born Sept. 29, 1760, London, Eng.

died May 2, 1844, Bath, Somerset

English dilettante, novelist, and eccentric.

He is remembered for his gothic novel Vathek (1786), about an impious voluptuary who builds a tower so high that he challenges Muhammad in heaven and so brings about his own fall to the kingdom of the prince of darkness; though unevenly written, the story is full of invention and bizarre detail. Beckford and his family were forced to leave England for 10 years by a scandal involving a youth. On his return he built Fonthill Abbey, the most sensational building of the English Gothic Revival, whose own 270-ft (82-m) tower collapsed several times.

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▪ British writer

born Sept. 29, 1760, London, Eng.

died May 2, 1844, Bath, Somerset

      eccentric English dilettante, author of the Gothic novel Vathek (1786). Such writers as George Gordon, Lord Byron, and Stéphane Mallarmé acknowledged his genius. He also is renowned for having built Fonthill Abbey, the most sensational building of the English Gothic revival.

      Beckford was the only legitimate son of William Beckford the Elder, twice lord mayor of London, and was the heir to a vast fortune accumulated by three generations of his Beckford ancestors, who were sugar planters in Jamaica. His mother was descended from Mary Stuart. He was a precocious child, and his natural talents were given every encouragement. At five he received piano lessons from the nine-year-old W.A. Mozart. He also received training in architecture and drawing from prominent teachers. He inherited his fortune in 1770, upon the death of his father.

      In 1778, after a period of travel and study in Europe, Beckford returned to England, where he later met the 11-year-old son and heir of Viscount Courtenay, a boy for whom Beckford felt strong romantic (but probably not sexual) attraction. Following a lavish three-day Christmas party held in the boy's honour at Fonthill, Beckford conceived the story of the caliph Vathek, a monarch as impious as he is voluptuous, who builds a tower so high that from it he can survey all the kingdoms of the world. Vathek challenges Mohammed in the seventh heaven and so brings about his own damnation and his banishment to the subterranean kingdom ruled by Eblis, prince of darkness.

      Completed in outline in three days and two nights, the tale was written in French during the first four months of 1782, in all the gaiety of a London society greeting the inheritor of a fortune. A protégé of Lord Chancellor Thurlow, with a seat in the House of Commons, and married to the beautiful Lady Margaret Gordon, Beckford was expecting to be elevated to the peerage in December 1784. In the autumn of that year, scandal broke when he was charged with sexual misconduct with young Courtenay. Reports of the scandal were quickly spread, and, though Beckford's guilt was never proved, in mid-1785 he, with his wife and baby daughter, was forced into exile. In May 1786, in Switzerland, his wife died of puerperal fever after giving birth to a second daughter. About that time, Beckford also learned that Vathek, which he had given to the Reverend Samuel Henley for translation, would be published anonymously, with a preface in which Henley claimed that it had been taken directly from the Arabic. Beckford remained abroad for many years. From 1796, after his return to England, he devoted his energies to his Gothic “abbey” at Fonthill. His architect was James Wyatt, but Beckford himself supervised the planning and building of what became the most extraordinary house in England. He lived there as a recluse, collecting curios, costly furnishings and works of art and reading the library of Edward Gibbon, which he had purchased in its entirety. In 1807 the house's great central tower collapsed and was rebuilt. Beckford's extravagances forced him to sell his estate in 1822. The tower later collapsed again, destroying part of the building.

      Beckford's literary reputation rests solely on Vathek. Though all agree that it is uneven and stylistically uncertain, the strength of its final image has sustained Beckford's reputation for more than two centuries. A classic among Gothic novels, the book is a masterpiece of fantastic invention and bizarre detail. Among Beckford's other published works are accounts of his travels, two parodies of Gothic and sentimental novels, and a journal, Life at Fonthill, 1807–22.

Additional Reading

Biographies include Boyd Alexander, England's Wealthiest Son (1962); J. Lees-Milne, William Beckford (1976); and Brian Fothergill, Beckford of Fonthill (1979).

▪ lord mayor of London, England

baptized December 19, 1709, Jamaica, British West Indies

died June 21, 1770, London, England

      gentleman merchant, member of Parliament, and lord mayor of London (1762–63, 1769–70) who was particularly noted as a pioneer of the radical movement.

      Beckford was reared in Jamaica, first arriving in England (to complete his schooling) at the age of 14. Upon the death of his elder brother Peter, who died unmarried, he inherited the considerable wealth that had accrued from Jamaican sugar plantations over several generations. Elected to Parliament for Shaftesbury in 1747, Beckford became alderman of Billingsgate in 1752 and represented the City of London in Parliament from 1754 until his death. From 1756 he developed a close political connection with William Pitt (Pitt, William, the Elder) the Elder, and, through him, important popular city interests, hitherto usually in opposition, were for the first time allied with the government. These interests resented the retirement of Pitt and the terms of the Peace of Paris, and in 1763 Beckford gave strong support to outspoken journalist John Wilkes (Wilkes, John). In 1761 Beckford had begun criticizing the system of parliamentary representation, and during the crisis of 1769 over Wilkes and the Middlesex election Beckford urged the abolition of pocket boroughs (election districts that were “in the pocket” of one family or person). While Wilkes won popularity for the Wilkite movement, it was Beckford who inspired its leaders and provided a program of reform—shorter Parliaments and a wider franchise.

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