Piero della Francesca

/pee air"oh del"euh fran ches"keuh, frahn-/; It. /pye"rddaw del"lah frddahn che"skah/, (Piero de' Franceschi).

See Francesca, Piero della. Also called Piero.

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born с 1420, Sansepolcro?, Republic of Florence

died Oct. 12, 1492, Sansepolcro

Italian painter.

Son of a prosperous tanner and wool merchant, he became known for his serene, disciplined exploration of perspective. His fresco cycle for San Francesco at Arezzo, The Legend of the True Cross (1450s), exemplifies his simplicity and clarity of structure, controlled use of perspective, and aura of serenity. His famous diptych portrait of his patrons, Count Federico da Montefeltro and his wife (с 1470), is known for its unidealized depiction of their features and the use of landscape in the background. Though he had little influence on his contemporaries, Piero's important scientific and poetic contributions to Renaissance painting are now well recognized. Also a writer, he produced theoretical treatises on geometry and perspective.

The Baptism of Christ, panel painting by Piero della Francesca, ...

Courtesy of the trustees of the National Gallery, London; photograph, A.C. Cooper Ltd.

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▪ Italian painter

Introduction

original name  Piero di Benedetto dei Franceschi 

born c. 1416/17, Sansepolcro, Republic of Florence [Italy]

died Oct. 12, 1492, Sansepolcro

  painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle “The Legend of the True Cross” (1452–66) and the diptych portrait of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and his consort (1465) are among his best known works.

Formative period

      The documented facts of Piero della Francesca's life, which are few, permit a reasonably accurate reconstruction of his career and interests but not an exact chronology of his surviving paintings. His father, Benedetto de' Franceschi, was apparently a tanner and shoemaker, prosperous enough for his son to become well educated and literate in Latin. Nothing is known about Piero's early training as a painter, though it is assumed that he was instructed by local masters who had been influenced by Sienese art.

      In 1439 Piero worked as an associate of Domenico Veneziano, who was then painting frescoes for the hospital of Sta. Maria Nuova in Florence, where the early Renaissance style was beginning to flourish. In Florence he probably studied the statuary of Donatello and Luca della Robbia, the buildings of Filippo Brunelleschi, and the paintings of Masaccio and Fra Angelico, and he might have read a theoretical treatise on painting by the humanist and architect Leon Battista Alberti. Undoubtedly, he would have been directed to these luminaries by Domenico Veneziano, whose own works demonstrate a Renaissance emphasis on colour and light as elements of pictorial construction. It was this contact with the early Renaissance art of Florence that provided the foundation of Piero's own style.

      Back in Sansepolcro by 1442, Piero was elected to the town council. Three years later the Confraternita della Misericordia commissioned a polyptych from him. The Misericordia Altarpiece shows Piero's indebtedness to the Florentines Donatello and Masaccio, his fondness for geometric form, and the slowness and deliberation with which he habitually worked—for the Misericordia altarpiece was not completed until 1462.

      Periodic retreat to the provincial isolation of Sansepolcro seems to have been necessary for Piero's work. For the rest of his life he alternated between the calm of Sansepolcro and contact with the humanistic life of the Renaissance in artistic and intellectual centres such as Ferrara and Rimini.

      Around 1448 Piero probably worked in the service of Marchese Leonello d'Este in Ferrara, where he may have been influenced by northern Italian art. In 1451, at another northern Italian city, Rimini, he executed a splendidly heraldic fresco (i.e., resembling a heraldic emblem in design) of “Sigismondo Malatesta Before St. Sigismund” in the Tempio Malatestiano, a memorial church built according to the architectural designs of Alberti. Also to this early formative period before 1451 belongs “The Baptism of Christ.” This painting, probably the central panel for an altarpiece for the Pieve of Sansepolcro, shows the elements that remained a constant in Piero's style to his death. The vigorous volume of the figures, the spatial definition, and, above all, the very original use of colour and light—his paintings appear almost “bleached”—define a style that has all the elements of the Renaissance but that remained one of the most original of all times.

Mature period

      Piero della Francesca's mature style is revealed in frescoes painted in the choir of the church of S. Francesco at Arezzo. The decorations had been begun in 1447 by the elderly Bicci di Lorenzo, who died in 1452; Piero presumably was retained to complete the work shortly thereafter. The narrative cycle, depicting “The Legend of the True Cross,” was completed by 1466. Its simplicity and clarity of structure, controlled use of perspective, and aura of serenity are all typical of Piero's art at its best. Contemporary with the Arezzo cycle are a fresco of the “Magdalen” in Arezzo cathedral, the “Resurrection” in the Palazzo Comunale at Sansepolcro, and a “Madonna del Parto” in the chapel of the cemetery at Monterchi. In 1454 a burgher of Sansepolcro, Agnolo di Giovanni di Simone d'Angelo, commissioned an altarpiece for S. Agostino that Piero, characteristically, did not complete until 1469. The surviving panels of the altarpiece reveal Piero's interest in the creation of monumental human figures through the sculptural use of line and light.

 In 1459 Piero was in Rome to paint frescoes (now destroyed) for Pope Pius II in the Vatican. “St. Luke” (Sta. Maria Maggiore), executed at the same time, was probably done by assistants in the studio he had established in Rome. More fruitful was Piero's long association with Count (later Duke) Federico da Montefeltro, whose highly cultured court was considered “the light of Italy.” In the late 1450s Piero painted the “Flagellation of Christ” (see photograph—>), the intended location of which is still debated by scholars. Its lucid perspectival construction contrasts with treatment of the subject wherein Christ is relegated to the background while three unidentified figures dominate the foreground. The content of the picture has indeed become the focus of modern academic controversy. A famous diptych portrait of Duke Federico and his consort, Battista Sforza (Uffizi, Florence), was probably begun to commemorate their marriage in 1465. The paintings show Piero's respect for visual fact in the unidealized features of the Duke and in the enchanting landscape backgrounds, which also indicate that he had discovered Netherlandish painting. The reverse depicts the couple in a triumphal procession accompanied by the Virtues. The Duke reappears as a kneeling donor in an altarpiece from S. Bernardino, Urbino (now in the Brera, Milan). He, the Madonna and her child, and accompanying saints are placed before the apse (semicircular choir) of a magnificent Albertian church. The painting may have been a memorial to Countess Battista, who died after giving birth to the couple's ninth child and first son, and it has been dated between 1472 and 1474. The altarpiece is one of the most accomplished Renaissance presentations of forms in space and exerted a decided influence on the development of monumental devotional paintings in northern Italian and Venetian art.

Last years

      The last two decades of Piero's life were spent in Sansepolcro, where paintings, now lost, were commissioned by local churches in 1474 and 1478. In 1480 Piero became prior of the Confraternita di San Bartolomeo. Among the few extant paintings from this period are the harmonious “Nativity,” in London, the “Madonna” from the church at Sta. Maria delle Grazie near Senigallia, now in Urbino, and an awkwardly constructed altarpiece in Perugia, “Madonna with Child and Saints.” The “Annunciation” from that altarpiece, however, indicates that Piero's interest in perspectival problems remained keen.

      In his old age Piero seems to have abandoned painting in favour of more abstruse pursuits. Between 1474 and 1482 he wrote a treatise on painting, De prospectiva pingendi (“On Perspective in Painting”), dedicated to his patron, the Duke of Urbino. In its range of topics and method of organization, the book follows Alberti and the ancient Greek geometer Euclid. The principal manuscript, in Parma (Biblioteca Palatina), was handwritten by the artist himself and illuminated by him with diagrams on geometric, proportional, and perspectival problems. A second treatise, the De quinque corporibus regularibus (“On the Five Regular Bodies”), written some time after 1482, follows Plato and Pythagoras in dealing with the notion of perfect proportions. The manuscript, again illustrated by Piero, is in the Vatican Library. Del abaco (“On the Abacus,” Laurentian Library, Florence) is a pamphlet on applied mathematics.

      Piero's fascination with geometry and mathematics is a corollary of his own art; his manner of theoretical expression owes much to his mentor Alberti and is analogous to that of his younger contemporary Leonardo da Vinci; the rigour and logic of the arguments, however, are unique to Piero.

      A reliable 16th-century tradition claimed that Piero was blind in his last years. If true, this must have occurred after 1490 because several autographs from that year survive. Moreover, his will of 1486 refers to the painter as aged but sound of mind and body.

      Piero did not establish a lasting tradition in central Italy. Luca Signorelli and Perugino, who are presumed to be his most important pupils, followed the examples of other masters. Although Piero's reticent art had little influence on the experiments of his great Florentine contemporaries, he enjoyed great fame for his scientific contributions. In 1497 he was described as “the monarch of our times of painting and architecture,” and the biographer Giorgio Vasari gave him high praise two generations later. In the 20th century, Piero's career has been reconstructed and his position reevaluated, giving proper credit to both the science and the poetry of his art.

Paul F. Watson Ed.

Additional Reading

The earliest biography of the artist is included in Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, vol. 2, trans. by A.B. Hinds (1927, reissued 1983; originally published in Italian, 1550). Roberto Longhi, Piero della Francesca (2000; originally published in Italian, 3rd ed., 1963), is the definitive critical and scholarly monograph. A useful catalog of paintings is Piero Bianconi, All the Paintings of Piero della Francesca (1962; originally published in Italian, 2nd ed., 1959). Kenneth Clark, Piero della Francesca, 2nd ed. rev. (1969, reissued 1981), remains the standard account of the artist in English; it is a rare union of eloquence and scholarship. In the last two decades of the 20th century, scholarship on Piero multiplied, and books and essays were published that attempted new interpretations of controversial paintings. Among these works are Ronald Lightbown, Piero della Francesca (1992); Marilyn Aronberg Lavin, Piero della Francesca's Baptism of Christ (1981), and Piero della Francesca: The Flagellation (1972, reissued 1990); Carlo Ginzburg, The Enigma of Piero: Piero della Francesca: The Baptism, the Arezzo Cycle, the Flagellation, new ed. (2000; originally published in Italian, new ed., 1994). Jeryldene M. Wood (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Piero della Francesca (2002); and Marilyn Aronberg Lavin, Piero della Francesca (2002), are up-to-date and comprehensive surveys.

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