dolly

dolly
/dol"ee/, n., pl. dollies, v., dollied, dollying.
n.
1. Informal. a doll.
2. a low truck or cart with small wheels for moving loads too heavy to be carried by hand.
3. Motion Pictures, Television. a small wheeled platform, usually having a short boom, on which a camera can be mounted for making moving shots.
4. Mach. a tool for receiving and holding the head of a rivet while the other end is being headed.
5. a block placed on the head of a pile being driven to receive the shock of the blows.
6. a small locomotive operating on narrow-gauge tracks, esp. in quarries, construction sites, etc.
7. a short, wooden pole with a hollow dishlike base for stirring clothes while laundering them.
8. Slang. a tablet of Dolophine.
9. Also called dolly bird. Brit. Informal. an attractive girl or young woman.
10. (sometimes cap.) Slang. an affectionate or familiar term of address (sometimes offensive when used to strangers, casual acquaintances, subordinates, etc., esp. by a male to a female).
v.t.
11. to transport or convey (a camera) by means of a dolly.
v.i.
12. to move a camera on a dolly, esp. toward or away from the subject being filmed or televised (often fol. by in or out): to dolly in for a close-up.
[1600-10; 1900-05 for def. 9; DOLL + -Y2]

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▪ cloned sheep
 female Finn Dorset sheep that lived from 1996 to 2003, the first successfully cloned mammal, produced by Scottish geneticist Ian Wilmut and colleagues of the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh. The announcement in February 1997 of the world's first clone of an adult animal was a milestone in science, dispelling decades of presumption that adult mammals could not be cloned and igniting a debate concerning the many possible uses and misuses of mammalian cloning technology.

      The concept of mammalian clones, even humans, was not completely new. Naturally occurring genetic clones, or individuals genetically identical to one another, had long been recognized in the form of monozygotic (identical) twins (twin). Unlike Dolly, however, such clones are derived, as their scientific name indicates, from a single zygote, or fertilized egg. Moreover, clones had been generated previously in the laboratory, but only from embryonic cells (cell) or from the adult cells of plants (plant) and “lower” animals (animal) such as frogs (frog). Decades of attempts to clone mammals from existing adults had met with repeated failure, which led to the presumption that something special and irreversible must happen to the DNA of mammalian cells during the animal's development. Indeed, until 1997 it had been generally accepted dogma that adult mammalian cells are no longer genetically totipotent, or capable of giving rise to all of the different cell and tissue types (e.g., liver, brain, and bone) required for making a complete and viable animal. It was presumed that somatic-cell differentiation, the process by which a single fertilized egg is converted into all of the different cell types found in an adult, involved some irreversible, likely epigenetic (epigenetics) step. That Dolly remained alive and well long after her birth—that she had a functional heart, liver, brain, and other organs, all derived genetically from the nuclear DNA of an adult mammary-gland (mammary gland) cell—proved otherwise. At the very minimum, the specific tissue from which Dolly's nuclear DNA was derived must have been totipotent. By extension, it was reasonable to suggest that the nuclear DNA of other adult tissues also remains totipotent. With the successful creation of Dolly, this speculation became a testable hypothesis.

 Dolly did not spring from the laboratory bench fully formed but developed to term normally in the uterus of a Scottish Blackface Ewe. Although Dolly's nuclear genome was derived from a mammary-gland cell taken from an adult Finn Dorset ewe, that nucleus had to be fused by electrical pulses with an unfertilized egg cell, the nucleus of which had been removed. The “host” egg cytoplasm was taken from a Scottish Blackface ewe, and later another Scottish Blackface ewe served as the surrogate mother. Furthermore, in order for the mammary gland cell nucleus and genomic DNA to be accepted and functional within the context of the host egg, the donor cell first had to be induced to abandon the normal cycle of growth and division and enter a quiescent stage. To do this, researchers deliberately withheld nutrients from the cells. The importance of this step had been determined experimentally, and although a number of hypotheses had been raised to explain its necessity, which, if any, of them was correct remained unclear. Nevertheless, starting with a collection of donor cell nuclei and host egg cytoplasms, a number of fused couplets successfully formed embryos (embryo); these were transferred to surrogate ewes. Of 13 recipient ewes, one became pregnant, and 148 days later, which is essentially normal gestation for a sheep, Dolly was born.

      On Feb. 14, 2003, Dolly was euthanized by veterinarians after being found to suffer from progressive lung disease. Her body was preserved and displayed at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.

Judith Fridovich-Keil
 

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Universalium. 2010.

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  • Dolly — may refer to one of the following: Camera dolly, platform that enables a movie or video camera to move during shots Dolly (tool), a portable anvil Dolly (trailer), for towing behind a vehicle Dolly (Fauré), a suite for piano four hands by Gabriel …   Wikipedia

  • Dolly! — Starring Dolly Parton Ralph Emery Richard Dennison Dolly! was a television variety show that aired during the 1976 1977 season and featured Dolly Parton. In the mid 1970s, Parton was approached by Bill Graham, president of Show Biz, Inc., the… …   Wikipedia

  • Dolly — steht für: Dolly (Vorname); siehe dort Etymologie und bekannte Namensträgerinnen Dolly (Anhänger), engl. für „Rollwagen“, ein Nutzfahrzeuganhänger mit eigener Sattelkupplung Dolly (Flughafen), Bodengerät zum Transport von Flachpaletten. Dolly… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Dolly — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Dolly puede referirse a: La Oveja Dolly, primer mamífero clonado a partir de una célula adulta. Dolly Parton, cantante country, compositora y actriz estadounidense. Dolly!, serie televisiva creada por Dolly Parton.… …   Wikipedia Español

  • dolly — DÓLLY s.n. (cin.) Macara mică de construcţie specială, folosită pe platourile de filmare. – Din fr., engl. dolly. Trimis de claudia, 13.09.2007. Sursa: DEX 98  dólly s. n. Trimis de siveco, 10.08.2004. Sursa: Dicţionar ortografic  DÓLLY …   Dicționar Român

  • dolly — c.1600, Dolly, a fem. nickname (see DOLL (Cf. doll)); 1790 as child s doll; applied from 1792 to any contrivance fancied to resemble a dolly in some sense, especially a small platform on rollers (1901). Doesn t look like one to me, either, but… …   Etymology dictionary

  • dolly — [däl′ē] n. pl. dollies [dim. of DOLL] 1. a doll: a child s word 2. a tool used to hold a rivet at one end while a head is hammered out of the other end 3. Dial. a stick or board for stirring, as in laundering clothes or washing ore ☆ 4. any of… …   English World dictionary

  • Dolly — Dol ly, n. A child s mane for a doll. [1913 Webster] {Dolly shop}, a shop where rags, old junk, etc., are bought and sold; usually, in fact, an unlicensed pawnbroker s shop, formerly distinguished by the sign of a black doll. [England] [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Dolly — Dol ly, n.; pl. {Dollies}. 1. (Mining) A contrivance, turning on a vertical axis by a handle or winch, and giving a circular motion to the ore to be washed; a stirrer. [1913 Webster] 2. (Mach.) A tool with an indented head for shaping the head of …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Dolly — f, m 1 (f.) English: originally (from the 16th century onwards) a pet form of DOROTHY (SEE Dorothy), but now more commonly used as a pet form of DOLORES (SEE Dolores) and as an independent given name (taken as being from the vocabulary word doll …   First names dictionary

  • dolly — /ˈdɔlli, ingl. ˈdHlɪ/ [vc. ingl., propr. «bambolina» e poi anche «carrello»] s. m. inv. (cine, tv) gru …   Sinonimi e Contrari. Terza edizione

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