abrogated
111ab|ro|gate — «AB ruh gayt», transitive verb, gat|ed, gat|ing. 1. to abolish (a law, treaty, or custom) by an authoritative act; repeal; cancel: »When war broke out, our country abrogated its trade agreements with the enemy country. The 21st amendment to the… …
112BUDAPEST — BUDAPEST, capital of Hungary, formed officially in 1873 from the towns of Buda, Obuda, and Pest, which each had Jewish communities. Buda (Ger. Ofen; Heb. אובן) A community was formed there by the end of the 11th century. Its cemetery was located… …
113ITALY — Jews have lived in Italy without interruption from the days of the Maccabees until the present, through a period of 21 centuries. Although they were never subjected to general expulsion, there were frequently partial ones. They often enjoyed good …
114JEWISH AND ISLAMIC LAW, A COMPARATIVE REVIEW — The Relationship between Jewish and Islamic Law Comparative studies in the field of Jewish and Islamic Law began more than 150 years ago with the publication of Abraham Geiger s Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthum aufgenommen (1833, rev. 1902).… …
115REFORM JUDAISM — REFORM JUDAISM, first of the modern interpretations of Judaism to emerge in response to the changed political and cultural conditions brought about by the emancipation . The Reform movement was a bold historical response to the dramatic events of …
116RUSSIA — RUSSIA, former empire in Eastern Europe; from 1918 the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (R.S.F.S.R.), from 1923 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.); from 1990 the Russian Federation. Until 1772 ORIGINS The penetration… …
117SPAIN — (in Hebrew at first אספמיא then ספרד), country in S.W. Europe. The use of the word Spain to denote Sepharad has caused some confusion in research. Spain came into being long after the Jews had been expelled from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon,… …
118TORAH — (Heb. תּוֹרָה). The Term Torah is derived from the root ירה which in the hifil conjugation means to teach (cf. Lev. 10:11). The meaning of the word is therefore teaching, doctrine, or instruction ; the commonly accepted law gives a wrong… …
119TUSCANY — TUSCANY, region in central Italy. No information on Jews in Tuscany during the Roman era is available but it is likely that a Jewish community existed then at least in florence . The first reliable data comes from benjamin of tudela who found… …
120YEMEN — YEMEN, country in S.W. corner of the Arabian Peninsula; capital, Sanʿa. The Land and the People The southern part of the Arabian Peninsula is called al Yaman (the south), after which the country is named in the West. In pre Islamic times there… …
